They were to intervene only if a fire threatened adjacent Aryan properties. Georg Landauer to Martin Rosenbluth, 8 February 1938, cited in Friedlnder, loc. [citation needed], The avant-garde guitarist Gary Lucas's 1988 composition "Verklrte Kristallnacht", which juxtaposes what would become the Israeli national anthem ten years after Kristallnacht, "Hatikvah", with phrases from the German national anthem "Deutschland ber Alles" amid wild electronic shrieks and noise, is intended to be a sonic representation of the horrors of Kristallnacht. Broken glass. Although violence against Jews had not been explicitly condoned by the authorities, there were cases of Jews being beaten or assaulted. At a conference on the day after the pogrom, Hermann Gring said: "The Jewish problem will reach its solution if, in anytime soon, we will be drawn into war beyond our borderthen it is obvious that we will have to manage a final account with the Jews. I should not want to leave any doubt, gentlemen, as to the aim of today's meeting. After assessing the fine, Hermann Gring remarked: The swine wont commit another murder. WATCH VIDEO: Henryk Ross: Photos from a Nazi Ghetto. nacht (krstl-nkt, -tl-nKHt) n. The night of November 9, 1938, on which the Nazis coordinated an attack on Jewish people and their property in Germany, Austria, and the Sudetenland. [85], Kristallnacht was the inspiration for the 1988 composition Mayn Yngele by the composer Frederic Rzewski, of which he says: "I began writing this piece in November 1988, on the 50th anniversary of the Kristallnacht My piece is a reflection on that vanished part of Jewish tradition which so strongly colors, by its absence, the culture of our time". Guardian archive image of Goebbels foreign press conference: Bernd Nellessen, "Die schweigende Kirche: Katholiken und Judenverfolgung", in Bttner (ed) Die Deutschen und die Judenverfolgung im Dritten Reich, p. 265, cited in Daniel Goldhagen's Hitler's Willing Executioners (Vintage, 1997). Wherever I have been I have been chased like an animal.. [68], In view of this being a totalitarian state a surprising characteristic of the situation here is the intensity and scope among German citizens of condemnation of the recent happenings against Jews. Synagoguesburned throughout the night. When the first rays of a cold and pale November sun penetrated the heavy dark clouds, the little synagogue was but a heap of stone, broken glass and smashed-up woodwork."[43]. At the same November 15 press conference, a reporter asked the president if he would recommend relaxing the restrictions on immigration in order to admit the Jewish refugees from Europe. The broken windows theory states that visible signs of disorder and misbehavior in an environment encourage further disorder and misbehavior, leading to serious crimes. [54], The reaction of non-Jewish Germans to Kristallnacht was varied. [33] One of the first legal measures issued was an order by Heinrich Himmler, commander of all German police, forbidding Jews to possess any weapons whatsoever and imposing a penalty of twenty years' confinement in a concentration camp upon every Jew found in possession of a weapon hereafter. The rioters destroyed hundreds of synagogues and Jewish institutions throughout Germany, Austria, and the Sudetenland. Herschel Grynszpan, a 17-year-old Polish Jew, had shot the diplomat on November 7, 1938. [24] In the so-called "Polenaktion", more than 12,000 Polish Jews, among them the philosopher and theologian Rabbi Abraham Joshua Heschel, and future literary critic Marcel Reich-Ranicki were expelled from Germany on 28 October 1938, on Hitler's orders. "[35] The chief party judge Walter Buch later stated that the message was clear; with these words, Goebbels had commanded the party leaders to organize a pogrom. (ed. November 9th 1938. . This stalemate continued for days in the pouring rain, with the Jews marching without food or shelter between the borders. But police arrested the victims and firefighters were ordered not to intervene. Starting in the late hours of November 9 and continuing into the next day, Nazi mobs, SS troops and ordinary citizens torched or otherwise vandalized hundreds of synagogues throughout Germany and damaged, if not completely destroyed, thousands of Jewish homes, schools, businesses, hospitals and cemeteries. The Nazis came to call the event Kristallnacht ("Crystal Night," or, "The Night of Broken Glass"), referring to the thousands of shattered windows that littered the streets afterwards, but the euphemism does not convey the full brutality of the event. On Thursday, Nov. 14, Wagner College marked the 75th anniversary of Kristallnacht, the "Night of Broken Glass," with a luncheon lecture by Reni Hanau, a survivor of the Nazi terror. On the morning of Monday, 7 November 1938, he purchased a revolver and a box of bullets, then went to the German embassy and asked to see an embassy official. The Nazi government barred Jews from schools on November 15 and authorized local authorities to impose curfews in late November. Early reports estimated that 91 Jews had been murdered. [50][51][52], The number of emigrating Jews surged, as those who were able to left the country. [30] However, he also argued that the anti-Semitic laws were "necessary" to allow the Volksgemeinschaft to flourish. Graml, Anti-Semitism, p. 13 cited in Friedlnder, op.cit., p 272. Subscribe for fascinating stories connecting the past to the present. [28] Their seventeen-year-old son Herschel was living in Paris with an uncle. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! Read, Anthony. Of the interviewed party-members 63% expressed extreme indignation against it, while only 5% expressed approval of racial persecution, the rest being noncommittal. Schwab, Gerald. At 1:20 a.m. on November 10, Reinhard Heydrich, in his capacity as head of the Security Police (Sicherheitspolizei) sent an urgent telegram to headquarters and stations of the State Police and to SA leaders in their various districts, which contained directives regarding the riots. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Library bibliography: Kristallnacht, Teaching Materials on the Roles of Individuals, Holocaust Survivors and Victims Resource Center. [caption=13f42eac-82e8-4dfb-8563-0b6af0ef8d9b], [credit=13f42eac-82e8-4dfb-8563-0b6af0ef8d9b]. Many spectators gathered on the scenes, most of them in silence. W ha t wa s Kri s t a l l na c ht ? Kristallnacht (German pronunciation: [kstalnat] (listen)) or the Night of Broken Glass, also called the November pogrom(s) (German: Novemberpogrome, pronounced [novm.b.poom] (listen)),[1][2] was a pogrom against Jews carried out by the Nazi Party's Sturmabteilung (SA) paramilitary and Schutzstaffel (SS) paramilitary forces along with some participation from the Hitler Youth and German civilians throughout Nazi Germany on 910 November 1938. BOONE, N.C. Join the Center for Judaic, Holocaust, and Peace Studies; Hillel; AEPi and Diversity and Inclusion for a series of events on Kristallnacht, The Night of Broken Glass (9 November 1938). Vom Rath was a professional diplomat with the Foreign Office who expressed anti-Nazi sympathies, largely based on the Nazis' treatment of the Jews and was under Gestapo investigation for being politically unreliable. The Reich government confiscated all insurance payouts to Jews whose businesses and homes were looted or destroyed, leaving the Jewish owners personally responsible for the cost of all repairs. After Kristallnacht, conditions for German Jews grew increasingly worse. He gave the orders on Kristallnacht. Kristallnacht, literally, "Night of Crystal," is often referred to as the "Night of Broken Glass."The name refers to the wave of violent anti-Jewish pogroms which took place on November 9 and 10, 1938. On the night of November 9, 1939, Nazi soldiers stormed the streets of Germany, breaking windows and looting Jewish businesses in a nationwide attack that would be known as Kristallnacht ("the night of broken glass"). Germans remember 1938's 'night of broken glass'. Anti-Jewish legislation in pre-war Nazi Germany, Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service, More than 30,000 Jewish men were arrested, murderous pogroms incited by Imperial Russia, Beth Shalom National Holocaust Centre and Museum. [79], Kristallnacht changed the nature of Nazi Germany's persecution of the Jews from economic, political, and social exclusion to physical violence, including beatings, incarceration, and murder; the event is often referred to as the beginning of the Holocaust. The United States was the only nation to recall its ambassador and would not replace him until after the end of the war in 1945. The regime moved eventually toward policies of forced emigration, and finally toward the realization of a Germany free of Jews (judenrein) by deportation of the Jewish population to the East.. olice arrested the victims and firefighters were ordered not to intervene. [62], In 1938, just after Kristallnacht, the psychologist Michael Mller-Claudius interviewed 41 randomly selected Nazi Party members on their attitudes towards racial persecution. The president also announced that he had recalled the US ambassador to Germany, Hugh Wilson. The name refers ironically to the litter of broken glass left in the streets after the violence. Goebbels had recently suffered humiliation for the ineffectiveness of his propaganda campaign during the Sudeten crisis, and was in some disgrace over an affair with a Czech actress, Lda Baarov. "[37] The Israeli historian Saul Friedlnder believes that Goebbels had personal reasons for wanting to bring about Kristallnacht. Schools were ransacked, as the attackers demolished buildings with sledgehammers. [70] Verbal complaints grew rapidly in numbers, and for example, the Dsseldorf branch of the Gestapo reported a sharp decline in anti-Semitic attitudes among the population. BERLIN (AP) Germans across the country on Saturday commemorated the 75th anniversary of Kristallnacht the night of broken glass during . "Silence and Outrage: Reassessing the Complex Christian Response to Kristallnacht in English-Speaking Canada. Your boots are brown. Through a series of interconnected stories, within which the same characters move in and out, the author weaves a tapestry of. As the number of Jews and Romani wanting to leave increased, the restrictions against them grew, with many countries tightening their rules for admission. The immediate reaction by the Gestapo was to push the Polish Jews16,000 personsover the borderline, but this measure failed due to the stubbornness of the Polish customs officers. This included guidelines for the protection of foreigners and non-Jewish businesses and property. [22], The Zionist leadership in the British Mandate of Palestine wrote in February 1938 that according to "a very reliable private sourceone which can be traced back to the highest echelons of the SS leadership", there was "an intention to carry out a genuine and dramatic pogrom in Germany on a large scale in the near future". Goebbels needed a chance to improve his standing in the eyes of Hitler. Already living illegally in Paris himself, a desperate Grynszpan apparently sought revenge for his family's precarious circumstances by appearing at the German embassy and shooting the diplomatic official assigned to assist him. "He wanted it to be known that not all Germans supported Kristallnacht. [21] In a 1997 interview, the German historian Hans Mommsen claimed that a major motive for the pogrom was the desire of the Gauleiters of the NSDAP to seize Jewish property and businesses. Answer the following questions in your paragraph: What was the Three Mile Island incident? info)), or the Rhm purge (German: Rhm-Putsch), also called Operation Hummingbird (German: Unternehmen Kolibri), was a purge that took place in Nazi Germany from 30 June to 2 July 1934. Walter Buch to Goring, 13.2.1939, Michaelis and Schraepler, Ursachen, Vol.12, p. 582 as cited in Friedlnder, p. 271. This, however, was only one aspect of the origin of the November 1938 pogrom. "use strict";(function(){var insertion=document.getElementById("citation-access-date");var date=new Date().toLocaleDateString(undefined,{month:"long",day:"numeric",year:"numeric"});insertion.parentElement.replaceChild(document.createTextNode(date),insertion)})(); FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. At his press conference on November 15, 1938, one week after Kristallnacht, President Franklin D. Roosevelt denounced Nazi Germanys terror attack on Jews, saying, I myself could scarcely believe that such things could occur in a twentieth-century civilization. FDR made an exception to his practice of off-the-record press conferences by allowing newspapers to quote this statement from his meeting with reporters that day. Kristallnacht: The Night of Broken Glass Survivors and Remembering the Kristallnacht Conception of the Nazis Concentration Camps "Ever and so, the Nazi conceptions of race and the evil Jewish origins of modernity cannot themselves explain the revolutionary idea of time the Nazis. NIGHT OF BROKEN GLASS - The Washington Post By Patricia Brennan November 6, 1988 The night of Nov. 9, 1938, was cold in Germany and Austria, and so was the message Adolf Hitler sent to Jews. Wednesday marks 84 years since the November pogrom "Kristallnacht" or the Night of Broken Glass. This wave of violence took place throughout Germany, annexed Austria, and in areas of the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia recently occupied by German troops. 54 terms. The name is a reference to the broken glass that resulted from the destruction. Definition. During the pogrom, some 30,000 Jewish males were rounded up and taken to concentration camps. [14][15] From its inception, Hitler's regime moved quickly to introduce anti-Jewish policies. This cat's-eye view introduces the Holocaust to children in a gentle way that can open discussion of this period. Labor Secretary Frances Perkins, whose department oversaw the Immigration and Naturalization Service, persuaded President Roosevelt to allow approximately 12,000 Germans, most of whom were Jews and already in the United States on visitor visas, to remain in the country indefinitely. In the immediate aftermath of the pogrom, many German leaders, like Hermann Gring, criticized the extensive material losses produced by the antisemitic riots, pointing out that if nothing were done to intervene, German insurance companiesnot Jewish-owned businesseswould have to bear the costs of the damages. "[73] Diarmaid MacCulloch argued that Luther's 1543 pamphlet, On the Jews and Their Lies was a "blueprint" for the Kristallnacht.[74]. The Daily Telegraph correspondent, Hugh Greene, wrote of events in Berlin: "Mob law ruled in Berlin throughout the afternoon and evening and hordes of hooligans indulged in an orgy of destruction. Kristallnacht, The Night of Broken Glass, was supposedly a spontaneous outburst on the part of patriotic Germans following the assassination of a German Embassy official in Paris by a 17 year old Polish Jew. The unprecedented pogrom of November 9-10, 1938 in Germany has passed into history as Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass). "[10], Estimates of fatalities caused by the attacks have varied. Brick-throwing mobs. Police were instructed not to interfere with the riots unless the guidelines were violated. Tombstones were uprooted and graves violated. ), pp. The Night of Broken Glass Reviews. View the list of all donors. In what ways might the Three Mile Island incident affect policy today. The Polish government threatened to extradite all Jews who were Polish citizens but would stay in Germany, thus creating a burden of responsibility on the German side. lesson #6 fire safety and other resident safe, Social Studies American History: Reconstruction to the Present Guided Reading Workbook, Deborah Gray White, Edward L. Ayers, Jess F. de la Teja, Robert D. Schulzinger. Scheer, Regina (1993). I Know A Place 6. On Kristallnacht Nov. 9-10, 1938 Nazi storm troopers and sympathizers raided and destroyed thousands of Jewish homes, shops and synagogues. Furthermore, it became illegal for Aryans and Jews to marry or have extramarital intercourse. Ninety-one Jews were killed and 30,000 Jewish men were taken away. November 1938 | ZbE", "The deportation of Regensburg Jews to Dachau concentration camp", "Kristallnacht remnants unearthed near Berlin", "NEW CAMPAIGN AGAINST JEWS NAZI OUTBREAKS", http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/2013/11/8/1383904706426/goebbels-001.jpg, Reformation: Europe's House Divided, 1490-1700, "Telegram protesting against the persecution of Jews in Germany", "Post-War Justice Sites of the Novemberpogrom 1938 in Innsbruck", "Millionaire Apologizes for Comparing Progressives to Nazis, Says His Watch Is Worth a '6-Pack of Rolexes', "Tom Perkins: Billionaire venture capitalist ridiculed after writing letter comparing the treatment of rich Americans to the Holocaust", "Tom Perkins Responds To Nazi Germany And 1 Percent Criticism, Says Kristallnacht Was 'Terrible Word To Have Chosen', "St. Louis Jewish cemetery rededicated after gravestones toppled by vandals - Diaspora - Jerusalem Post", "Holocaust Memorial in Boston damaged for second time this summer - The Boston Globe", "Finance minister slams Judenboykott, Kristallnacht re-enaction against Muslims in Sri Lanka", "Schwarzenegger compares Capitol mob violence to Kristallnacht destruction by Nazis in viral video", "Schwarzenegger rebukes Trump and compares Capitol riot to Kristallnacht", "KFC apologises after German Kristallnacht promotion", "Interview with Miriam Ron, Witness to the Events of Kristallnacht", "The Eleanor Roosevelt Papers Kristallnacht", "Kristallnacht: A Nationwide Pogrom, November 910, 1938", "Kristallnacht: The November 1938 Pogroms", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kristallnacht&oldid=1142342439, Durance, Jonathan. Violent attacks on Jews and Judaism throughout the Reich and in the recently annexed Sudetenland began on November 8 and continued until November 11 in Hannover and the free city of Danzig, which had not then been incorporated into the Reich. Kristallnacht, also called the "Night of Broken Glass," was the start of a violent campaign launched on German Jewish people by Nazis on November 9, 1938. [40][6] Jewish homes were ransacked all throughout Germany. [citation needed] This included German-born Jews of foreign citizenship. On the night of November 9, 1938, rampaging mobs attacked . "[16], Kristallnacht was also instrumental in changing global public opinion. Although the violence was orchestrated at the highest levels, the Nazis called it a spontaneous reaction to the assassination of a low-level German diplomat in Paris. [57] Rolf Dessauers recalls how a neighbor came forward and restored a portrait of Paul Ehrlich that had been "slashed to ribbons" by the Sturmabteilung. Shrill screams shattered. [86], In 2014, the Wall Street Journal published a letter from billionaire Thomas Perkins that compared the "progressive war on the American one percent" of wealthiest Americans and the Occupy movement's "demonization of the rich" to the Kristallnacht and antisemitism in Nazi Germany. The British government approved the Kindertransport program for refugee children. On February 9, 1939, Senator Robert F. Wagner (D-NY) and Representative Edith Nourse Rogers (R-MA) introduced identical bills into Congress to offer refuge to 20,000 children under 14 from the Greater German Reich. They were one of the forces held responsible for Kristallnacht. Gilbert, Martin. Grynszpan and vom Rath had become intimate after they met in Le Boeuf sur le Toit, which was a popular meeting place for gay men at the time. ", This page was last edited on 1 March 2023, at 21:52. He went on to explain: "The German people are anti-Semitic. During Kristallnacht, or "The Night of Broken Glass," Nazi mobs destroyed synagogues and Jewish-owned businesses. A more personal response, in 1939, was the oratorio A Child of Our Time by the English composer Michael Tippett. The broken window fallacy is often used to discredit the idea that going to war stimulates a country's economy. [9] British historian Martin Gilbert wrote that no event in the history of German Jews between 1933 and 1945 was so widely reported as it was happening, and the accounts from foreign journalists working in Germany drew worldwide attention. Why were the Alien and Sedition Acts controversial? German officials refused to accept the tendered document. Holocaust Photos Reveal Horrors of Nazi Concentration Camps. Kristallnacht. After Kristallnacht, the Nazi regime made Jewish survival in Germany impossible. [caption=13f42eac-82e8-4dfb-8563-0b6af0ef8d9b] - [credit=13f42eac-82e8-4dfb-8563-0b6af0ef8d9b]. By the end of 1938, Jews were prohibited from schools and most public places in Germanyand conditions only worsened from there. "Nazis Smash, Loot and Burn Jewish Shops and Temples Until Goebbels Calls Halt". I have seen several anti-Jewish outbreaks in Germany during the last five years, but never anything as nauseating as this. Kristallnacht (krstl-nkht) [Ger.,=night of crystal], in German history, the night of Nov. 9, 1938, a night of violence against Jews and of destruction of the businesses and other property belonging to them. The name is a reference to the broken glass that resulted from the destruction. The play is relevant to the current anti-Semitism in France and Germany and highlights the parallel between 1938 and . No other story about the persecution of the Jews received such widespread and sustained attention from the American press at any other time during the Nazi era. A Catholic nun was sentenced to death in 1945 for helping Jews. It is widely assumed that the assassination was politically motivated, but historian Hans-Jrgen Dscher says the shooting may have been the result of a homosexual love affair gone wrong. How did Hitler attempt to accomplish We would like to thank Crown Family Philanthropies and the Abe and Ida Cooper Foundation for supporting the ongoing work to create content and resources for the Holocaust Encyclopedia. "[44], Many Berliners were however deeply ashamed of the pogrom, and some took great personal risks to offer help. IncidentallyI would not like to be a Jew in Germany.. They were ordered to leave their homes in a single night and were allowed only one suitcase per person to carry their belongings. Tombstones were uprooted and graves violated. Significantly, Kristallnacht marks the first instance in which the Nazi regime incarcerated Jews on a massive scale simply on the basis of their ethnicity. November 1938: From "Reichskristallnacht" To Genocide. Kristallnacht, (German: "Crystal Night") , also called Night of Broken Glass or November Pogroms, the night of November 9-10, 1938, when German Nazis attacked Jewish persons and property. Poland stated that it would renounce citizenship rights of Polish Jews living abroad for at least five years after the end of October, effectively making them stateless. [65], As it was aware that the German public did not support the Kristallnacht, the propaganda ministry directed the German press to portray opponents of racial persecution as disloyal. Sir Kristian Goldmund Aumann. ", [caption=49cbef24-2268-408a-bac0-6273c9cdadea] - [credit=49cbef24-2268-408a-bac0-6273c9cdadea], Goebbels' words appear to have been taken as a command for unleashing the violence. genocide? It is also known as the "Night of Broken Glass". The background of the pogrom was signified by a sharp cleavage of interests between the different agencies of party and state. The violence included torching synagogues, vandalizing homes, schools, and graveyards, and destroying thousands of businesses. Eighty years ago this weekend - on November 9-10, 1938 - a wave of anti-Jewish pogroms engulfed Germany, Austria and the areas of . However, prior to Kristallnacht, these Nazi policies had been primarily nonviolent. In this lesson, students will continue this unit's historical case study by learning about a major escalation of the Nazi campaign against Jews, the violent pogroms of Kristallnacht on November 9-10, 1938. Night of Broken Glass, Nov 9 1938 night when the Nazis killed or injured many jews and destroyed many jewish propertys. [82], Five decades later, 9 November's association with the anniversary of Kristallnacht was cited as the main reason as to why Schicksalstag, the day the Berlin Wall came down in 1989, was not turned into a new German national holiday; a different day was chosen (3 October 1990, German reunification). News of Raths death on November 9 reached Adolf Hitler in Munich, Germany, where he was celebrating the anniversary of the abortive 1923 Beer Hall Putsch. Joseph Goebbels, the Nazi minister for public enlightenment and propaganda, immediately seized on the assassination to rile Hitlers supporters into an anti-Semitic frenzy. Description November 9th 1938 is widely seen as a violent turning point in Nazi Germany's assault on the Jews. 63 terms. John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen, Eric Hinderaker, James A. Henretta, Rebecca Edwards, Robert O. Self, By the People: A History of the United States, AP Edition. Throughout Germany and Austria, Nazi Stormtroopers . "[61] Less than 24 hours after Kristallnacht, Adolf Hitler made a one-hour long speech in front of a group of journalists where he completely ignored the recent events on everyone's mind. Ensuing legislation barred Jews, already ineligible for employment in the public sector, from practicing most professions in the private sector. Kristallnacht, (German: Crystal Night) , also called Night of Broken Glass or November Pogroms, the night of November 910, 1938, when German Nazis attacked Jewish persons and property. He was at work at the German embassy in Paris when Herschel Grynszpan, a read more, Our synagogue is burning! Rabbi Manfred Swarsensky dropped the phone and ran to his place of worship. Leaving behind shattered glass and shattered lives, the event came to be called Kristallnacht, The Night of Broken Glass.. They served in the German army and navy and contributed to every field of German business, science and culture. Kristallnacht marked a turning point toward more violent and repressive treatment of Jews by the Nazis. "The sovereigns", Kibbutz Kfar Blum (Palestine), 1945, p. 171 cited in Gilbert, op.cit., p 67. Jewish homes, hospitals and schools were ransacked as attackers demolished buildings with sledgehammers. The entire story is told from the point of view of a cat named Benno, who lives happily on Rosenstrasse in Berlin, making the rounds from shop to shop and apartment to apartment, visiting both Jewish and non-Jewish families, all of whom love him. As part of government policy, the Nazis seized houses, shops, and other property the migrs left behind. [13] Conditions for German Jews began to worsen after the appointment of Adolf Hitler (the Austrian-born leader of the National Socialist German Workers' Party) as Chancellor of Germany on 30 January 1933, and the Enabling Act (implemented 23 March 1933) which enabled the assumption of power by Hitler after the Reichstag fire of 27 February 1933. The official figure for Jewish deaths, released by German officials in the aftermath of Kristallnacht, was 91, but recent scholarship suggests that there were hundreds of deaths, especially if one counts those who died of their injuries in the days and weeks that followed the pogrom. Schutzstaffel also kown as black shirts. German censors sought to block images of Kristallnacht from reaching newspapers in the United States. It was premiered at the 1988 Berlin Jazz Festival and received rave reviews. In October 2008, this dumpsite was discovered by Yaron Svoray, an investigative journalist. The name refers to the wave of violent anti-Jewish pogromswhich took place on November 9 and 10, 1938. He announced that "the Fhrer has decided that demonstrations should not be prepared or organized by the Party, but insofar as they erupt spontaneously, they are not to be hampered. The Night of Broken Glass marked a turning point in the, zi war against the Jews. Jews were required to pay for the cost of all damages caused by the pogrom to their residences and businesses. Label boxes with PI name and room number. The pogrom proved especially destructive in Berlin and Vienna, home to the two largest Jewish communities in the German Reich. [80] In the words of historian Max Rein in 1988, "Kristallnacht cameand everything was changed. Holocaust Memorial Museum. I hear them marching. I do not hear your heartbeat. Kristallnacht. [citation needed], The deportees were taken from their homes to railway stations and were put on trains to the Polish border, where Polish border guards sent them back into Germany. TTY: 202.488.0406. An estimated 400 Jews lost their lives in the anti-Semitic pogrom and more than 30,000 were imprisoned or sent to concentration camps, where many were brutally mistreated. 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