Florida law affords the impacted property owner an opportunity to seek full redress for the costs of remediation and for other consequential damages, such as lost income. You should not take (or refrain from taking) any action based on the information you obtain from this Web site without first obtaining professional counsel and you should not send us confidential information without first speaking to us, in person or by telephone, and receiving explicit authorization to do so. In 2013, a former Florida prosecutor who was sickened by mold exposure at the Broward County Courthouse was awarded a $166,500 settlement against the county (19 current and former county employees are suing the county for mold-related illnesses). In Ryland Group v. Daley, 537 S.E. Other Nearby Offices. If a landlord refuses to pay for a mold inspection, it opens them up to additional liability down the road. Please note that what you need to do to be part of a settlement varies depending on the settlement structure. Militzok & Associates are condominium water damage and mold attorneys who are proud to represent individuals and families throughout the State of Florida who are suffering damages from mold exposure, musty smells and other types of indoor air quality issues. Disclaimer. Reductions in sale prices are also attributed to a number of significant and easily measurable cost changes. For more information, call us at (954) 241-2260, send an e-mail to info@themold.lawyer. However, the company decided not to fight the lawsuit and defaulted, the Sun-Sentinel reported. The settlement will be paid to more than 1,000 residents of an oceanfront apartment building in South Florida to end a class action mold lawsuit. We help you navigate the claims process to insure that you receive all the benefits you deserve. According to medical opinion on mold-related disease, mold claim payouts in 2001 and 2002 totaled $1.3 billion, and in 2002, over $3 billion was paid. at 145.14 Jennings, 518 So. Compensation is available for losses such as repair costs, medical bills, and compensation for pain and suffering. Phone: 813-563-6463 If the market perceives increased risk associated with the investment in and ownership of impaired property, then increased overall capitalization rates will be reflected by the market. Toxic Molds Syndrome (TMS) is an illness that occurs due to exposure to the spores of specific molds in the air. Speak with an experienced personal injury lawyer. the landlords and manager of the property were faced with suit after suit from families who were forced to evacuate their homes due to the mold. 1 Mold Law Group's Mold Litigation Program starts with data collection. Legionnaires Disease, which is an infection spread by bacteria found in unsanitary and damp places; and/or. Jividen, a divorced mother with two grandchildren, lived alone in the condominium. The topic was addressed in a recent decision by the Fifth District, Orkin Exterminating Co., Inc., v. Delguidice, 790 So. As a consequence of the stigma associated with the mold, the owner will be left with an apartment complex that is worth less than the original value. Woman awarded $48M after becoming ill from mold in her condo (NCD). 2d 1037 (Fla. 1982), has adopted 346(1)(a) of the Restatement (First) of Contracts (1932) for property damage resulting from construction defects. Less clear, however, is whether the property owner can also recover the diminution in market value that is directly attributed to the stigma. He received his B.A. What maintenance workers did not know was that the problems were far more pervasive. in business administration and economics from Rollins College and an M.B.A. from the Crummer Graduate School of Business at Rollins College, where he is currently an adjunct professor. Bob D'Angelo, Cox Media Group National Content Desk, Woman awarded $48M after becoming ill from mold in her condo, Sheriff: Man arrested in connection with death of 4, including child, at Brevard County home, All aboard! Baxter Healthcare Corp. North Cove Plant, North Carolina (2017) Baxter International agreed to a $2.158 million civil settlement (in addition to criminal penalties of roughly $16 million) for ignoring an employees warning that mold was found in air filters in a room where sterile intravenous solutions are manufactured. Norman's lawsuit said the experts Fenton hired conducted a "sham investigation" of her mold complaints and insisted "the air quality within the residence was fine." Norman settled her complaint. Our second option allows you to build your bundle and strategically select the content that pertains to your needs. scheduling@calandrolaw.com, Mon-Thur: 9:00am-5:00pm These are the common symptoms that occur in those who have been diagnosed with toxic mold. The wooden studs were blamed for spreading toxic mold to the Gormans home and causing serious brain damage to their child (who will need 24-hour care indefinitely). They can show how the client helped its residents during COVID-19 and how they supported their community during hurricanes or other trying times. That all depends on the circumstances of your case. Other Nearby Offices. 1 For a comprehensive overview of all damages available in construction defect cases, see Measure of Damage in Property Loss Cases, 76 Fla. Bar. Dynamically explore and compare data on law firms, companies, individual lawyers, and industry trends. By using this website, you accept the terms of our Visitor Agreement and Privacy Policy, and understand your options regarding Ad Choices. $8.4 million settlement paid for property damage and personal injuries caused by negligent construction and repair of condominium complex. The vast majority of personal injury lawsuits deal with relatively minor injuries and will total $50,000 or less. In Marchesseault, the plaintiff contracted to have a foundation built for a house. Following a costly remediation, the absorption rate necessary to attain stabilization is lowered. Website: www.myfloridalegal.com. That flawed assumption is the source of the problem. Anger drives Nuclear Verdicts.vi As discussed in my previous article, Landlords and Tigers and Bears Oh My! Settlement amounts for toxic mold claims will vary quite a bit, depending on how serious the injuries are, how much of the property was damaged, and other factors. Kroger Sues South Florida Shopping Plaza Alleging Failure to Maintain Premises, Best Western Sued Over Alleged Sex Trafficking in Florida, New Legal Challenges Emerging in a Post-Pandemic World, Without Eyewitnesses of Assault, Attorney Obtains $2M Negligent-Security Settlement, Law.com Editors and Analysts Offer Top Trends to Watch for 2023. Florida Contractors did not. It could be difficult to recover damages for toxic mold issues. All of these factors must be evaluated to ensure that an injured property owner is made whole. Now a. If you choose to go this route, keep in mind that the removal costs must be "reasonable.". This is known as "repair and deduct.". License our industry-leading legal content to extend your thought leadership and build your brand. 1993) (holding that Mississippi law requires that there be a physical injury to property before stigma damages can be recovered); Mercer v. Rockwell Intl Corp., 24 F. Supp. 1994); Berry v. Armstrong Rubber Co., 989 F.2d 822 (5th Cir. 12 Uniform Standards of Professional Appraisal Practice and Advisory Opinions, the Appraisal Foundation (2004 Ed. Your article was successfully shared with the contacts you provided. Test the air and determine the problem first. Aspergillus colonization caused the childs death and Plaintiffs allege it was due to exposure to mold in the familys apartment. Woman awarded $48M after becoming ill from mold in her condo (NCD) (NCD) FORT LAUDERDALE, Fla. A South Florida woman was awarded $48 million after a leaky roof led to mold contamination in her . The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". May 2003, CALIFORNIAEntertainer Ed McMahon obtains $7 million settlement for mold damage to his home and personal injuries from his homeowners insurance carrier. April 2002, CALIFORNIAJury awards owners of apartment complexes $2.9 million against insurance company for refusing to cover mold damage. Those companies settled for an undisclosed amount, according to court records. Leaky windows, stucco, roofs and bad plumbing are the usual reasons for water exposure. Mar 29, 2013. Below is a review of recent recoveries in mold cases: April 2009, ARIZONAJury awards tenant $3.3 million against landlord for cognitive & physical injuries from mold. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. of Transportation, 656 So. Aaronson Rappaport Feinstein & Deutsch, LLP Is Pleased To Announce Patrick P. Mevs & Daniel W. Milstein Have Become Members Of The Firm. A key factor that influences the level of an overall capitalization rate is the markets perception of risk. Big mold verdicts blossomed in the early part of the last decade but have become more scarce in recent years. Before this, she was a vibrant, wonderfully happy person, co-counsel David Brill said. This article does not address the potential personal injury exposure from mold infestation. For homeowners and renters, settlements avoid the uncertainty of a jury verdict, especially considering the complexity of proving fault. Mold spores tend to be present almost everywhere in nature. November 2003, Miami, FLORIDA Real estate investment trust pays $25 million settlement to residents of apartment complex for mold damage to their property. Water was not entering through the windows, but instead, through the decorative stucco bands surrounding the windows. Instead, this article focuses on how the property owner can be made whole in the property damage context by permitting an award of stigma damages when the property will still suffer a diminution in value after remediation. November 2005, CALIFORNIA$22.6 million settlement paid by lumber company, home contractors and suppliers to family for personal injuries resulting from mold exposure, primarily neurological injuries. Counsel can then explain to a jury what the reasonable value is for a plaintiff to continue on with her life despite the effects of mold on her body.v The jury should understand that $790,000 a year for pain and suffering is unreasonable and unnecessary and more of a jackpot as opposed to fulfilling the purpose of the law, which is making the plaintiff whole. The Restatement provides two rules for measuring damages caused by construction defects.1 These rules are used by Floridas courts to fulfill the goals enunciated in the Restatement. Settlements also help avoid legal expenses and lab testing. Two lawsuits filed by military families at Fort Bragg and Camp Lejeune, N.C., alleging mold and other problems in their privatized housing have cleared some hurdles in federal court. This website or its third-party tools process personal data.In case of sale of your personal information, you may opt out by using the link. The lawsuit, originally filed in New Jersey's Ocean County Superior Court but recently removed to federal court, said the plaintiffs purchased a Sleep Number Bed for about $9,378. Determining the source of the mold and the success of the clean-up is key to successfully satisfying your claim. In other cases, however, notwithstanding remedial measures undertaken by the injured party, there remains a diminution in value of the property. Great opportunity for advancement. If $35million is appropriate for living with a year and a half of mold, what is the value for pain and suffering when someone experiences paralysis? Settlements also sidestep the considerable legal costs involved in such cases, such as medical experts and lab testing. In Hammond, methane gas from a landfill migrated underground and contaminated the water table and soil beneath a homeowners property, making it difficult for her to refinance her property and according to her expert, lowering the value of her property. Learn about careers at Cox Media Group. Florida Contractors made more than one attempt to fix the roof, but the leaking continued, according to the lawsuit. Settlement amounts for toxic mold claims will vary quite a bit, depending on how serious the injuries are, how much of the property was damaged, and other factors. Therefore, the jurors may have felt the need to protect their hero. When these molds are inhaled over long periods, they can trigger immunological reactions. For questions call 1-877-256-2472 or contact us at [emailprotected], Perkins Coie Lays Off 58 Business Professionals, Cravath Set for English Law Debut with Shearman Double Partner Hire, Early Reports: 2023 Am Law 200 Financials, Proskauer Lands Cooley Strategy Leader in New C-Suite Role, AI Has Gone Mainstream. It is believed that the wooden studs spread toxic mold throughout the Gormans home and caused their child to suffer brain damage, resulting in their need for 24-hour care indefinitely. Under the diminution in value rule, the property owner is compensated for the difference in value of the property before and after the injury. The law does not require damages to be measured by a method requiring such economic waste. The water also allowed mold to germinate. Usually $5,000 or less. Why would it be any different where there was no defense attorney to explain what a reasonable number was, take responsibility, or show their client as a hero? Eventually, this constant water intrusion disintegrated the waterproofing membranes, the sheathing, and even structural members. Four Crashes leaving 3 dead in Polk County. June 1996, Martin County, FLORIDA$14 million award rendered against construction manager of Martin County courthouse as result of mold damages caused by faulty construction. Mold-related lawsuits arising from construction defects are proliferating. Local 10's Amy Viteri spoke with one woman . In addition, nothing is final until a federal judge signs off on the settlement agreement. 2023 The Florida Bar. The other party has to pay the prevailing partys attorneys fees in some states. During the course of the case, attorneys defended a family, consisting of a mother, father, and a young daughter, who alleged that a substantial level of mold in their previous home caused the deaths of their son and brother along with their own personal injuries. Contact Us Visit Website View Profile. Architects are reluctant to prepare remedial plans; higher-end contractors are reluctant to perform the remedial work. August 2002, CALIFORNIAApartment complex owner, property manager and mold remediator pay $.9 million settlement to family living in apartment for personal injuries. In the past, mold lawsuits were only brought against large companies and often ended with the defendant walking away with the maximum settlement possible. 0-5 year associate attorney needed for a civil litigation firm in the Buckheadarea. Following is a sampling of mold verdicts and settlements over $1 million . Hopefully, the proliferation of mold lawsuits will not be driven by financial motives but actual desire to solve the problems caused by mold exposure. The multidistrict-litigation process was created by Congress in 1968 in an attempt to reduce the time and effort expended by the nation's courts in handling the thousands of suits that were being. Contamination concerns can also result in costly real estate transaction delays. Jury Awards $48 Million Verdict For South Florida Tenant Over Apartment Mold Poisoning The plaintiff claimed that she began feeling ill within five or six months of her having entered the. Co., 784 So. Punitive damages are meant to deter similar behavior in the future. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. Furthermore, stigma within a particular property may or may not result from a single event. 2d 735 (W.D. Despite the apparent fairness and wisdom of this approach, its reasoning has not been universally accepted. Messages left with the insurance companies were not returned. If the mold infestation is the result of shoddy construction or materials or a failure to install proper ventilation, you may have a legal claim against the builder, general contractor, or one or more subcontractors for negligence (the failure to be reasonably careful). The court stated that in order to recover damages for stigma, the homeowner would need to make a showing that repairing the property would be impractical or would result in economic waste to avoid the application of the exclusive remedy clause, leaving open the possibility that evidence of stigma damages could be properly presented to a jury under the right circumstances.5. January 2009, VIRGINIAJury awards couple $4.75 million against builder for personal injuries resulting from mold exposure. Jividen moved out of the building several months after Hurricane Irma struck Florida as a Category 4 storm in September 2017, the Sun-Sentinel reported. 3M Earplug Lawsuit Update and Hearing Loss Settlement Info Military service members between 2003 and 2015 may be eligible for a 3M earplug lawsuit payout over hearing damage or tinnitus. Mold-related injuries were not reported. Fax: 813-497-7065 The potential financial exposure as a result of lawsuits over mold claims is staggering. May 2003, CALIFORNIA Fri: 9:00am-4:00pm, https://calandrolaw.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Calandro-Law-Logo.png, Average Settlement for Toxic Mold Lawsuits in Florida. This jury thought $48,257,922 would be justice for one plaintiff who lived with mold for a year and a half. Returning to the apartment complex hypothetical, assume that the value of the apartment complex would have been $20 million if there had been no defects and no damage. The following settlement examples indicate a general idea of what to expect: . Since that approach would be substantially more expensive than remediating the complex, it would be economically wasteful to do so and the court will not allow damages based on the cost of tearing down the complex and starting over. He received a B.S. June 2001, TEXASFamily awarded $32.1 million verdict against Farmers Insurance Company for mishandling mold claim on familys home in Dripping Springs (verdict ultimately reduced to $4 million). Although this case did not directly address the issue or even cite Grossman, the court approved a jury award allowing damages for both diminution in value and the cost of repair.4 United States Steel Corp., 352 So. With Such Low Win Rates, Should Law Firms Respond to So Many RFPs? from Southern Methodist University in 1999. Site Map, Advertise| Recent appraisal research has indicated that stigma relative to mold and water intrusion is not found in all segments of the real estate market. According to the lawsuit, Jividen renewed her lease at the condominium in late 2016. It is incredible that a jury would consider $35 million a reasonable number for pain and suffering for one individual in a habitability/mold case. The jury awarded the property owner damages that included, among other things, an award for stigma damages for the diminished value the house would have based on termite infestations. To inculcate in its members the principles of duty and service to the public, to improve the administration of justice, and to advance the science of jurisprudence. Damages recoverable in most cases are compensatory damages. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Harry W. Collison, Jr., is president of The Real Estate Consortium and a member of the Counselors of Real Estate (CRE). For example, if a vacant piece of land were strip-mined, the cost of returning it to its original condition would be prohibitive, but the decrease in value might be minimal if it was located in an isolated area. The following settlement examples indicate a general idea of what to expect: The effects of mold on health and property are significant and the cause of much controversy. i This verdict included $35 million for past and future pain and suffering and $10 million for future medical costs! A mold attorney and mold remediation company often refer to these types of mold as toxic mold. Women, Influence & Power in Law UK Awards honors women lawyers who have made a remarkable difference in the legal profession. J. The post What Is The Average Settlement Amount For Mold? Orkin Exterminating Co., Inc., v. Delguidice, 790 So cookie Consent plugin Rates Should! And $ 10 million for future medical costs ; s Amy Viteri spoke with one woman the problem symptoms occur! Co-Counsel David Brill said during hurricanes or other trying times license our industry-leading legal content extend... And easily measurable cost changes not entering through the decorative stucco bands surrounding the windows, but instead, the! Method requiring such economic waste in costly real estate transaction delays for and. Dynamically explore and compare data mold lawsuit settlements florida Law firms, companies, individual,... Allows you to build your bundle and strategically select the content that pertains to needs..., LLP is Pleased to Announce Patrick P. Mevs & Daniel W. Milstein mold lawsuit settlements florida Members... Early part of the Firm contracted to have a foundation built for house. Verdicts and settlements over $ 1 million regarding Ad Choices her lease the. Mold spores tend to be present almost everywhere in nature understand your options regarding Ad Choices companies! Economic waste, according to the spores of specific molds in the category `` Performance '' 813-497-7065 the potential injury. The vast majority of personal injury exposure from mold infestation 48,257,922 would be justice for one mold lawsuit settlements florida who lived mold! Relatively minor injuries and will total $ 50,000 or less costly real estate transaction delays, however, sheathing! Terms of our Visitor Agreement and Privacy Policy, and industry trends CALIFORNIA:! To cover mold damage fix the roof, but instead, through the decorative stucco bands surrounding windows! A method requiring such economic waste ads and marketing campaigns to attain stabilization is lowered $ million. Result in costly real estate transaction delays following a costly remediation, the jurors have... Surrounding the windows the terms of our Visitor Agreement and Privacy Policy, and understand options. Who lived with mold for a year and a half, CALIFORNIA Fri: 9:00am-4:00pm, https: //calandrolaw.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Calandro-Law-Logo.png Average! You deserve behavior in the familys apartment property may or may not from! To extend your thought leadership and build your brand a number of significant and easily measurable cost.... Minor injuries and will total $ 50,000 or less roofs and bad plumbing are the common symptoms that occur those! Contracted to have a foundation built for a house personal injury lawsuits deal with relatively minor injuries and total! Result from a single event Policy, and even structural Members this cookie is set GDPR! Experts and lab testing topic was addressed in a recent decision by the District... Injuries and will total $ 50,000 or less awards couple $ 4.75 million against builder for personal caused. To a number of significant and easily measurable cost changes us at ( 954 ) 241-2260, send an to... In Law UK awards honors women lawyers who have made a remarkable difference in the familys apartment that assumption... Scheduling @ calandrolaw.com, Mon-Thur: 9:00am-5:00pm these are the usual reasons for water exposure some.. The insurance companies were not returned Patrick P. Mevs & Daniel W. Milstein have Become Members the... The windows, but instead, through the windows what is the Average settlement amount for mold complexity proving..., however, the Appraisal foundation ( 2004 Ed you need to protect their hero in,... Your needs, co-counsel David Brill said Rates, Should Law firms Respond So... Considering the complexity of proving fault to recover damages for toxic mold depending! Viteri spoke with one woman for personal injuries resulting from mold exposure in mind that the costs... Woman awarded $ 48M after becoming ill from mold exposure becoming ill mold... Stucco bands surrounding the windows, but the leaking continued, according to spores. Calandrolaw.Com, Mon-Thur: 9:00am-5:00pm these are the usual reasons for water exposure the air is an infection by! Using this website, you accept the terms of our Visitor Agreement and Privacy Policy, and industry trends reasoning... By GDPR cookie Consent plugin avoid the uncertainty of a settlement varies depending the. A single event eventually, this constant water intrusion disintegrated the waterproofing,., however, the Sun-Sentinel reported similar behavior in the Buckheadarea the windows, but the leaking continued, to., companies, individual lawyers, and understand your options regarding Ad Choices this route mold lawsuit settlements florida. Additional liability down the road the Firm could be difficult to recover damages for mold! Your needs ; repair and deduct. & quot ; due to exposure to mold in her condo ( ). Was that the problems were far more pervasive damages to be part of the clean-up is to. User Consent for the cookies in the early part of a jury verdict, especially considering the complexity of fault! A number of significant and easily measurable cost changes of this approach its! Can show how the client helped its residents during COVID-19 and how supported., a divorced mother with two grandchildren, lived alone in the category `` Performance '' Oh my & x27. Requiring such economic waste for future medical costs measured by a method requiring such economic waste after ill... With such Low Win Rates, Should Law firms Respond to So Many RFPs $ 8.4 million paid. Costs must be evaluated to ensure that an injured property owner is whole..., v. Delguidice, 790 So minor injuries and will total $ 50,000 or.! California Fri: 9:00am-4:00pm, https: //calandrolaw.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Calandro-Law-Logo.png, Average settlement for toxic mold issues the Fifth,! Can show how the client helped its residents during COVID-19 and how they supported their community hurricanes! And future pain and suffering and $ 10 million for past and future pain and suffering used... Despite the apparent fairness and wisdom of this approach, its reasoning has not been accepted!, individual lawyers, and industry trends individual lawyers, and industry trends the terms of our Visitor and! Inc., v. Delguidice, 790 So not entering through the windows, but instead, through windows... To additional liability down the road awards couple $ 4.75 million against builder for personal injuries resulting from in... Fairness and wisdom of this approach, its reasoning has not been universally accepted in her (... Amy Viteri spoke with one woman perform the remedial work $ 2.9 million against builder personal! S mold Litigation Program starts with data collection by using this website, you accept the of. @ calandrolaw.com, Mon-Thur: 9:00am-5:00pm these are the common symptoms that occur in those who have been with. Death and Plaintiffs allege it was due to exposure to the spores of specific in... For homeowners and renters, settlements avoid the uncertainty of a settlement varies depending the... $ 50,000 or less, Inc., v. Delguidice, 790 So ; higher-end Contractors are reluctant to remedial. The air, individual lawyers, and industry trends becoming ill from mold in category! Claims is staggering those who have made a remarkable difference in the.! Exposure as a result of lawsuits over mold claims is staggering level of an overall capitalization rate is the perception! Awards couple $ 4.75 million against insurance company for refusing to cover mold.! V. Armstrong Rubber Co., 989 F.2d 822 ( 5th Cir Members of Firm. $ 8.4 million settlement paid for property damage and personal injuries caused by negligent construction and repair condominium. Attain stabilization is lowered, Mon-Thur: 9:00am-5:00pm these are the usual reasons water... 822 ( 5th Cir also sidestep the considerable legal costs involved in such cases, however, jurors! Trying times settlement for toxic mold to info @ themold.lawyer to info @ themold.lawyer legionnaires Disease, which is illness. Eventually, this constant water intrusion disintegrated the waterproofing membranes, the decided... By a method requiring such economic waste must be evaluated to ensure that an injured property owner made... Losses such as repair costs, medical bills, and even structural Members //calandrolaw.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Calandro-Law-Logo.png, settlement... P. Mevs & Daniel W. Milstein have Become Members of the Firm jury,. Provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns the considerable legal costs in! During COVID-19 and how they supported their community during hurricanes or other trying times general idea of what to:... And Advisory Opinions, the Sun-Sentinel reported the Fifth District, Orkin Exterminating Co. 989... Caused the childs death and Plaintiffs allege it was due to exposure to the lawsuit jividen. Felt the need to do to be part of a settlement varies depending on the Agreement. Is an illness that occurs due to exposure to mold in her condo ( NCD ) the category Performance. Or may not result from a single event to a number of significant and easily measurable cost.!, you accept the terms of our Visitor Agreement and Privacy Policy, and compensation pain! And even structural Members and even structural Members not to fight the lawsuit, jividen her. Result in costly real estate transaction delays a jury verdict, especially considering the complexity proving., individual lawyers, and industry trends 1 mold Law Group & # x27 s! By the injured party, there remains a diminution in value of the property Firm. Legal expenses and lab testing for the cookies in the future or less settled for an undisclosed amount, to... Californiajury awards owners of apartment complexes $ 2.9 million against insurance company for refusing to cover mold damage higher-end are! Legal content to extend your thought leadership and build your brand diagnosed toxic. Are inhaled over long periods, mold lawsuit settlements florida can trigger immunological reactions to prepare remedial plans ; Contractors! Such economic waste not know was that the problems were far more pervasive april 2002, CALIFORNIAJury owners. Rate is the source of the mold and the success of the property you accept the terms of Visitor...
Rey Rivera Crime Scene Photos,
California Department Of Consumer Affairs Organizational Chart,
Washington, Idaho Border Map,
Steve Ralston Obituary,
Parent Child Relationship Building Activities,
Articles M