[50][51] When armies were campaigning, surprise attacks, ambushes and stratagems were common. [263], In early 147BC Scipio Aemilianus, an adopted grandson of Scipio Africanus who had distinguished himself during the previous two years' fighting, was elected consul and took control of the war. While this was the Romans only naval defeat in the war, their fleet had suffered a series of grievous losses by storm, and now it was so reduced that the attack upon Sicily had to be suspended. Sources. Sicily, the main theatre of the First Punic War, Territory ceded to Rome by Carthage under the treaty is shown in pink. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. [92] At the battle of Tunis in spring 255BC a combined force of infantry, cavalry and war elephants under the command of the Spartan mercenary Xanthippus crushed the Romans. They made it easier to move troops to conflict areas. He struck without warning up and down the coast of Italy destroying Roman outposts and cutting supply lines. Why did senators oppose the idea of Julius Caesar becoming the leader after Crassus died? He was reinforcing the will to resist in the Carthaginian citizens; from this point there could be no possibility of negotiations. The Punic Wars were a series of three wars fought between Rome and Carthage between 264 and 146 B.C.E. . They went to war against Numidia, were defeated, and had to then pay that nation another war debt. the mountain range in the center of the peninsula. Since the 19th-century read more, As the first Roman emperor (though he never claimed the title for himself), Augustus led Romes transformation from republic to empire during the tumultuous years following the assassination of his great-uncle and adoptive father Julius Caesar. A fresh Roman army attacked the main Carthaginian stronghold on the island, Agrigentum, in 210BC and the city was betrayed to the Romans by a discontented Carthaginian officer. The end result was that Rome defeated Carthage and went on to dominate both the western and eastern halves of the Mediterranean. In 226 BCE the Ebro Treaty was signed between Carthage and Rome agreeing that the Romans would hold Spanish territory north of the Ebro River, Carthage would hold the area they had already conquered south of the river, and neither nation would cross the boundary. [167][168] In late November the Carthaginian cavalry routed the cavalry and light infantry of the Romans at the battle of Ticinus. Prior to the conflict, Carthage had grown from a small port-of-call to the richest and most powerful city in the Mediterranean region before 260 BCE. Third Punic War (149-146 B.C.) [26][27] According to the classicist Richard Miles Rome had an expansionary attitude after southern Italy came under its control, while Carthage had a proprietary approach to Sicily. Land operations were largely confined to raids, sieges and interdiction; in 23 years of war on Sicily there were only two full-scale pitched battles. When they did exactly that, and the Romans pressed what they saw as an advantage and followed them, Hannibal closed from behind and the sides, enveloping the Roman forces and crushing them. The Republic at War (218-201BC) The Second Punic War was an unprecedented challenge for the Romans in a variety of ways, one being the multiple theatres in which it was fought. exhaustive study of the effects of the Punic wars, investigating all the remote and proximate conditions and traci the development of the various changes into imperial times, would fill volumes. [173][174] The Romans stationed an army at Arretium and one on the Adriatic coast to block Hannibal's advance into central Italy. Mark, Joshua J.. "Punic Wars." The main cause of the Punic Wars was the clash of interests between the existing Carthaginian Empire and the expanding Roman Republic. |heave|"Ravens watched the desert heave. Meanwhile, the Carthaginian army was crippled by plague. [note 5] Many were from North Africa and these were frequently referred to as "Libyans". Omissions? How did the results of the First Punic War lead to the Second Punic War? To counter this, the Romans introduced the corvus, a bridge 1.2 metres (4 feet) wide and 11 metres (36 feet) long, with a heavy spike on the underside, which was designed to pierce and anchor into an enemy ship's deck. [85] In 258BC a Roman fleet defeated a smaller Carthaginian fleet at the battle of Sulci off the western coast of Sardinia. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. 1,200 talents was approximately 30,000kg (30 long tons) of silver. It lasted 23 years, until 241BC, when the Carthaginians were defeated. Numerous educational institutions recommend us, including Oxford University. Punic Wars, also called Carthaginian Wars, (264146 bce), a series of three wars between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginian (Punic) empire, resulting in the destruction of Carthage, the enslavement of its population, and Roman hegemony over the western Mediterranean. Dahia Ibo Shabaka, Larry S. Krieger, Linda Black, Phillip C. Naylor, Roger B. Beck, Deborah Gray White, Edward L. Ayers, Jess F. de la Teja, Robert D. Schulzinger. In 251 or 250 the Roman general Lucius Caecilius Metellus at last brought about a pitched battle near Panormus in which the enemys force was effectively crippled. - The Roman general Scipio Africanus defeated the Carthaginians in the Second Punic War. In 151BC Carthage raised an army, the treaty notwithstanding, and counterattacked the Numidians. Punic Wars. [208], A rebellion in support of the Carthaginians broke out on Sardinia in 213BC, but it was quickly put down by the Romans. and 146 B.C., spanning a time period of over 118 years. The Romans took the Punic Wars to be a purely military affair and used the military as the primary tool of warfare. Communicable diseases existed during humankinds hunter-gatherer days, but the shift to agrarian read more. During the long 23 years of conflict, Rome lost over 600 ships, Carthage at least 500. [20], The Roman Republic had been aggressively expanding in the southern Italian mainland for a century before the First Punic War. By 265 B.C., Carthage was the wealthiest and most advanced city in the region, as well as its leading naval power. Rome, which before the war had never fought outside of Italy, now controlled a wealthy overseas territoryits first of many. The Carthaginian territories were taken over as the Roman province of Africa. [94] The Roman fleet, in turn, was devastated by a storm while returning to Italy, losing most of its ships and more than 100,000 men. [132][133], By early 237BC, after numerous setbacks, the rebels were defeated and their cities brought back under Carthaginian rule. By a magnificent effort on the part of private citizens a fleet of 200 warships was equipped and sent out to renew the blockade of Lilybaeum. [144] After the First Punic War, Carthaginian possessions in Iberia (modern Spain and Portugal) were limited to a handful of prosperous coastal cities in the south. The Punic wars would have ended early, Carthage would have colonized Italy and gone on to become the dominant superpower in the Mediterranean, significantly altering European history as we know it. The First Punic War broke out on the Mediterranean island of Sicily in 264BC as a result of Rome's expansionary attitude combined with Carthage's proprietary approach to the island. This gave Rome full control of Sicily and Corsica. We would much rather spend this money on producing more free history content for the world. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. [258] Rome demanded that if war were to be avoided, the Carthaginians must hand over all of their armaments. In the 3rd and 2nd Centuries BC, Rome, after consolidating its hold on the Italian peninsula would soon come up against the power of the Mediterranean, Carthage. Punic Wars, also called Carthaginian Wars, (264-146 bce), a series of three wars between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginian (Punic) empire, resulting in the destruction of Carthage, the enslavement of its population, and Roman hegemony over the western Mediterranean. In 149 B.C., after Carthage technically broke its treaty with Rome by declaring war against the neighboring state of Numidia, the Romans sent an army to North Africa, beginning the Third Punic War. After tightening the Roman positions around Carthage, Aemilianus launched a forceful attack on its harbor side in the spring of 146 B.C., pushing into the city and destroying house after house while pushing enemy troops towards their citadel. The First Punic War was the closest match, for numerous reasons, b. wars in producing this important change in what may be called, in a broad sense, the Roman philosophy of life. His aim was to join his forces with those of Hannibal, but Hannibal was unaware of his presence. In 207BC, after recruiting heavily in Gaul, Hasdrubal crossed the Alps into Italy in an attempt to join his brother, Hannibal, but was defeated before he could. This victory was followed by an investment of the chief Punic base at Lilybaeum (Marsala), together with Drepanum (Trapani), by land and sea. 5 - Who did the Romans fight in the Punic Wars? [36][37] When they did they fought as well-armoured heavy infantry armed with long thrusting spears, although they were notoriously ill-trained and ill-disciplined. [93] The Romans sent a fleet to evacuate their survivors and the Carthaginians opposed it at the battle of Cape Hermaeum (modern Cape Bon); the Carthaginians were again heavily defeated. [82][83][84] A Carthaginian base on Corsica was seized, but an attack on Sardinia was repulsed; the base on Corsica was then lost. Omissions? The name Punic comes from the word Phoenician (Phoinix in the Greek, Poenus from Punicus in Latin) as applied to the citizens of Carthage, who were of Phoenician ethnicity. How did Rome's location near the Mediterranean Sea contribute to its growth? [237], In 213BC Syphax, a powerful Numidian king in North Africa, declared for Rome. For the full article, see, The interval between the First and Second Punic Wars (241218, https://www.britannica.com/summary/Punic-Wars, The western Mediterranean during the Punic Wars. [229] In a carefully planned assault in 209BC, he captured Cartago Nova, the lightly-defended centre of Carthaginian power in Iberia. [193] Brian Carey writes that these three defeats brought Rome to the brink of collapse. [255] Carthage had paid off its indemnity and was prospering economically, but was no military threat to Rome. Although Valentines Day shares its name with a martyred Christian saint, some historians believe the holiday is actually an offshoot of Lupercalia. The origin of these conflicts is to be found in the position which Rome acquired, about 275 bce, as leader and protector . Ben Kiernan. Both allowed for the easier movement of troops. The Mamertini, a band of Campanian mercenaries, had forcibly established themselves within the town and were being hard pressed in 264 by Hieron II of Syracuse. Does knowing a foreign language help you get into college? The agricultural population of ancient Rome consists of a powerful class of large landowners, the patricians, and a more populous class of farmers and small landowners called plebeians. [225] This strategy resulted in two separate battles in 211BC, usually referred to jointly as the battle of the Upper Baetis. Which group could be elected to the Senate for life? [206], During 216BC the Macedonian king, Philip V, pledged his support to Hannibal,[207] initiating the First Macedonian War against Rome in 215BC. https://www.worldhistory.org/Punic_Wars/. From which body of water did Rome get fresh water for drinking and agriculture? This erupted into full-scale mutiny under the leadership of Spendius and Matho; 70,000 Africans from Carthage's oppressed dependant territories flocked to join the mutineers, bringing supplies and finance. In total there were three Punic Wars, which were all fought between the Empires of Carthage and Rome for the role reasoning of gaining more territory, whether it be for military or economic reasons. He thought that Caesar was a danger to the entire republic. [75][79][80] The Romans built a navy to challenge Carthage's,[81] and using the corvus inflicted a major defeat at the battle of Mylae in 260BC. Please note that content linked from this page may have different licensing terms. What was the significance of the Punic Wars for Rome? Wealthy males continued their education past the age of 12. Most of the First Punic War was centered around the island of Sicily and . This breach of the recently signed treaty is considered by modern historians to be the single greatest cause of war with Carthage breaking out again in 218BC in the Second Punic War. Their army raided the Roman lines of communication,[263] and in 148BC Carthaginian fire ships destroyed many Roman vessels. Tradition holds that Phoenician settlers from the Mediterranean port of Tyre (in what is now Lebanon) founded the city-state of Carthage on the northern coast of Africa, just north of modern-day Tunis, around 814 B.C. [194] Within a few weeks of Cannae a Roman army of 25,000 was ambushed by Boii Gauls at the battle of Silva Litana and annihilated. By immobilizing the other ship, and attaching it to their own, the Romans could manipulate a sea engagement through the strategies of a land battle. With those two men he was integral to Romes transition from republic to empire. [120], The Romans rebuilt their fleet again in 243BC after the Senate approached Rome's wealthiest citizens for loans to finance the construction of one ship each, repayable from the reparations to be imposed on Carthage once the war was won. We care about our planet! The territory and allies of Rome and Carthage immediately before the start of the Second Punic War. [111] Carthage turned to the maritime offensive, inflicting another heavy naval defeat at the battle of Phintias and all but swept the Romans from the sea. They limited the power of the patrician class. This expedition enjoyed considerable early success and campaigned in Italy for 14 years before the survivors withdrew. The Punic Wars are also considered to include the four-year-long revolt against Carthage which started in 241 BC. The boys' mother was murdered by an evil king named Amulius. What concern did Romans have about Julius Caesar? Updates? If you were the subject of the flyer given, how would you feel? The Romans now directed their efforts once more against Sicily. Carthage (/ k r d / KAR-thij) was a settlement in what is now known as modern Tunisia that later became a city-state and then an empire. [note 7][44][49], Garrison duty and land blockades were the most common operations. All Rights Reserved. This left Rome free to land a force on Corsica (259) and expel the Carthaginians but did not suffice to loosen their grasp on Sicily. Retrieved from https://www.worldhistory.org/Punic_Wars/. Related Content [4][5] Polybius was an analytical historian and wherever possible interviewed participants, from both sides, in the events he wrote about. Legend says that the boys were raised by a mighty wolf. and a major victory in the Battle of Ecnomus in 256 B.C. Prior to the conflict, Carthage had grown from a small port-of-call to the richest and most powerful city in the Mediterranean region before 260 BCE. [236] Later the same year a mutiny broke out among Roman troops, which attracted support from Iberian leaders, disappointed that Roman forces had remained in the peninsula after the expulsion of the Carthaginians, but it was effectively put down by Scipio. The Romans fought against the city of Carthage which then ended in their destruction. How did both the construction of roads and the Mediterranean Sea contribute to the expansion of the Roman Republic? Third Punic War also called Third Carthaginian War (149-146 bce) third of three wars between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginian (Punic) Empire that resulted in the final destruction of Carthage the enslavement of its population and Roman hegemony over the western Mediterranean. The Roman commander, nevertheless, persisted in throwing troops into the city, and, by seizing the Carthaginian admiral during a parley, induced him to withdraw. World History Encyclopedia. [40][41] The close order African infantry and the citizen-militia both fought in a tightly-packed formation known as a phalanx. The boys decided to build a city where the wolf had fed them. He defeated the Romans at Drepana in 249 BCE but then was forced to withdraw due to a lack of manpower and supplies. Punic Wars, also known as Carthaginian Wars, occurred between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginian (Punic) empire from 264 to 146 bce. Why did some Romans attempt to reform the government? These developments made possible the subsequent Roman overseas wars of conquest. In 203 B.C., Hannibals troops were forced to abandon the struggle in Italy in order to defend North Africa, and the following year Scipio Africanus and his troops routed the Carthaginians in the Battle of Zama. Why were roads important to the military expansion of the Roman Republic? In 218 Hannibal attacked Roman territory, starting from Spain and . Two of the major Samnite tribes also joined the Carthaginian cause. The strategic islands of Corsica and Sicily were the focus of the First Punic War. Texan Reacts-Extra History's Punic Wars #3 How did the Punic Wars affect the development of the Roman Empire? After seven days of horrific bloodshed, on February 5, the Carthaginians surrendered, obliterating an ancient city that had survived for some 700 years. [270] In the spring of 146BC the Roman army managed to secure a foothold on the fortifications near the harbour. [196], For 12 years after Cannae the war surged around southern Italy as cities went over to the Carthaginians or were taken by subterfuge and the Romans recaptured them by siege or by suborning pro-Roman factions. These roles would be reversed after the First Punic War and the Carthaginians progressively lost more power, wealth, and prestige in the later conflicts. Rome and Carthage fought in the Punic Wars. [154], In 218BC there was some naval skirmishing in the waters around Sicily; the Romans defeated a Carthaginian attack[155][156] and captured the island of Malta. Hannibal then proceeded to win every single engagement against the Romans, conquering northern Italy and gathering former allies of Rome to his side. As the history of the conflict was written by Roman authors, they labeled them collectively as 'The Punic Wars' which refers to: Rome won all three of these wars, allowing the Romans to dominate the Mediterranean region which had previously been controlled by Carthage. Cities in Italy became overcrowded, and Rome became the most populous city in Europe and West Asia.What led to the Punic Wars and how did they affect Rome?What caused the Punic Wars, and how did they affect Rome? While Carthage was unhappy with this development, there was little they could do about it. [198][199], When the port city of Locri defected to Carthage in the summer of 215BC it was immediately used to reinforce the Carthaginian forces in Italy with soldiers, supplies and war elephants. [278] The province became a major source of grain and other foodstuffs. As a result of these three wars, Carthage was destroyed, its people were sold into slavery, and Rome gained control of the western Mediterranean. [73] They then pressed Syracuse, the only significant independent power on the island, into allying with them[74] and laid siege to Carthage's main base at Akragas on the south coast. Over the next decades, Rome took over control of both Corsica and Sardinia as well, but Carthage was able to establish a new base of influence in Spain beginning in 237 B.C., under the leadership of the powerful general Hamilcar Barca and, later, his son-in-law Hasdrubal. While the first war was primarily located in Sicily, the second found itself being a massive, multi-theater conflict. Hannibal's battle strategy, more well known as his "razed earth strategy" damaged the country side. This conflict was fought entirely on Carthage's territories in what is now Tunisia and centred on the siege of Carthage. World History Publishing is a non-profit company registered in the United Kingdom. [121] This new fleet effectively blockaded the Carthaginian garrisons. In 201 BCE, you have the end of the Second Punic War. [125] Henceforth Rome considered itself the leading military power in the western Mediterranean and increasingly the Mediterranean region as a whole. Do native English speakers have accents in other languages? It is a debatable point whether his attack contravened the new treaty. View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Leiden University Scholary Publications Hannibal as spy chief Rose Mary Sheldon Hannibal's abilities as a general are legendary. How was Rome ruled after General Sulla died? Small farmers could not compete with higher levels of production from large estates. [63][87] The Carthaginians were again beaten;[88] this was possibly the largest naval battle in history by the number of combatants involved. According to the historian Will Durant: Worn out almost equally, the two nations rested for nine years. Background. Hiero II, the tyrant of Syracuse for the previous forty-five years and a staunch Roman ally, died in that year and his successor Hieronymus was discontented with his situation. Roman families prayed around shrines at home each day. Hannibals daring elephantine invasion of Rome reached its height at the Battle of Cannae in 216 B.C., where he used his superior cavalry to surround a Roman army twice the size of his own and inflict massive casualties. The Senate gained increased prestige greater wealth and more influence in Roman government. Hannibal won his greatest victory but could not build upon it as Carthage refused to send him the reinforcements and supplies he needed. While Carthage supported Syracuse, Rome supported Messina, and the struggle soon exploded into a direct conflict between the two powers, with control of Sicily at stake. During the Pyrrhic War of 280275BC, against a king of Epirus who alternately fought Rome in Italy and Carthage on Sicily, Carthage provided materiel to the Romans and on at least one occasion used its navy to ferry a Roman force. Unlike Rome, Carthage was a seafaring empire that had much better ships and naval technology. [72], The war began with the Romans gaining a foothold on Sicily at Messana (modern Messina) in 264BC. [220] After the second of these Syphax was pursued and taken prisoner by Masinissa at the battle of Cirta; Masinissa then seized most of Syphax's kingdom with Roman help. The Romans certainly took this view and demanded Hannibals surrender. What were the Roman consuls allowed to do during times of crisis? The Romans forced them to leave Sicily, return all captured Romans, pay a huge amount of money, and keep their quinqueremes out of Roman waters. . Rome received the training, the navy, and the wealth it needed from the Punic Wars to grow from a small city to an empire that would rule the known world. In 205BC this war ended with a negotiated peace. Disputes over what territory led to the First Punic War between Rome and Carthage? Hannibal is called back to defend the homeland and he is defeated here at Zama. What resulted from the First Punic War? The Mercenary War lasted from 241-237 BCE and, while Carthage was engaged in this conflict, Rome occupied the Carthaginian colonies of Sardinia and Corsica. The Punic Wars, also known as the Carthaginian Wars, occurred between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginian (Punic) empire from 264 to 146 bce. Abandoning that tactic resulted in a major Roman loss at the Battle of Cannae (216); that defeat drew the Romans together, and, though worn down, they managed to rally, eventually defeating Hannibal at the Battle of Zama (202). The Carthaginians hoped to appease the Romans, but despite the Carthaginians surrendering all of their weapons, the . The Servian Wall provided protection and unification for the newly formed city. 2023 A&E Television Networks, LLC. [17] Modern historians usually take into account the writings of various Roman annalists, some contemporary; the Sicilian Greek Diodorus Siculus; and the later Roman historians[14] Plutarch, Appian,[note 2] and Dio Cassius. [23], Beginning in 480BC Carthage fought a series of inconclusive wars against the Greek city-states of Sicily, led by Syracuse. They kept the people happy by providing them with cheap food and entertainment. The Punic Wars are also considered to include the four-year-long revolt against Carthage which started in 241BC. [75] A Carthaginian army of 50,000 infantry, 6,000 cavalry and 60 elephants attempted to lift the siege in 262BC, but was badly defeated at the battle of Akragas. As many as 50,000 Roman citizens and another 350,000 allies had been killed . There is scholarly debate as to whether Saguntum was a formal Roman ally, in which case attacking it may have been a breach of the clause in the Treaty of Lutatius prohibiting attacking each others allies; or whether the city had less formally requested Rome's protection, and possibly been granted it. Several different "talents" are known from antiquity. [137] Polybius considered this "contrary to all justice" and modern historians have variously described the Romans' behaviour as "unprovoked aggression and treaty-breaking",[135] "shamelessly opportunistic"[138] and an "unscrupulous act". 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