Job title Controller. Coatue Company Overview WebSite: coatue.com Headquarters: NEW YORK, NY Size: 100 - 200 Founded: 1999 Type: Investment Company Revenue: $10M - $50M Industry: Business Services Related Companies: Coatue provides investment management services for technology, media and telecommunication services. Coatue is a global investment firm with offices in New York, Menlo Park, San Francisco and Hong Kong. Develop advanced features for automatic generation of realistic 3D characters, scenes and animations. An additional office of the firm is in Menlo Park, CA. [7][8][9][10][11] Thomas Laffont is the firms co-founder and leads Coatues private equity investing. That interest proved helpful he applied to MIT and was accepted in 1985. Named after Philippe Laffont's favorite Nantucket beach, Coatue was inspired by Robertson. Once you move below this level, things quickly get complicated. Founder Philippe Laffont sits at the top and is the firm's ultimate decision-maker and portfolio manager. Research Coordinator @ Coatue Management; Event Coordinator @ Bank of America Merrill Lynch; She was related to Carmen Dez de Rivera, a key figure in Spain's transition from Franco's dictatorship toward a modern parliamentary system., After two years, Philippe's time at McKinsey came to a close. "They fly at the exact perfect level," one reported.. Pay ranges for the same job title may differ based on the location and the responsibilities, skills, experience, and other requirements for a specific job. Though there's room for deviation, Coatue tends to be thesis-driven, looking for investments that fit one or more "macro trends.". Develop 3D tools in Unity and Unreal Engine 5 for annotation of computer vision data that plays a critical role in our machine learning pipeline. The megafund might look like Tiger Global, but it's operating a very different playbook. The firm's research process identifies investments through its own fundamental financial analysis process that includes interviews, information . To search for jobs in other locations, fill in the title and locations to begin your search. Others described it as "cutthroat," and a "burn and churn" atmosphere. The shared history and demonstrated trust fostered a tighter connection that could prove vital in securing much larger allocations down the line. He has tied the knot with his lovely wife, Kat Timpf. He had taken a very different path since graduating from the Lyce, attending Yale before heading to California. Coatues performance has been built around strong in-house research, astute data analysis, and a stellar network. By concentrating on what has been the most relevant sector in today's financial markets, Laffont has built his Coatue Management into a thriving firm that oversees $16 billion made up of hedge. One source suggested Senft had likely been responsible for Coatue's largest "aggregate winners. Be the first to find this review helpful. . Multi-million dollar bonuses are discretionary and not explicitly linked to an individual's investment performance. The inference from this source was that such additions represented a step up, albeit one secured at a high cost. Capabilities; Enrichment Automatically enrich your SalesForce CRM data; Integrations Integrate into your existing workflows with one click; Use cases . An organization that began life as a long-short hedge fund has spent much of the last decade spinning up new investing practices. Click the company name to explore its salary ranges and a comparison with pay at Coatue. Here are further demographic highlights of the leadership team: The Coatue Management executive team is 0% female and 100% male. Regardless, more than many other funds, Coatue knows what it's looking for. It yielded promising results, with a former investor remarking that "it worked ninety-plus percent of the time. Farallon Capital Management, too, added 2,197,000 shares of Alibaba during the quarter, and the valuation of its holdings stands at over $234 million, according to the filing. What exactly is this product?, Mosaic is a fully-featured, intuitive data analysis dashboard. The firm has too many employees to represent here. That network is one that few people in the world can access with such ease., Though in its early stages, Coatue has built out additional portfolio services, including recruiting support. Thomas sits on the board of Tipping Point Community, . Reviews may also highlight any negative aspects of a company that will help in evaluating it as a prospective employer. Since 2013, the venture team has moved beyond consumer internet and into fintech, enterprise software, healthcare, and crypto. Thomas Laffont is likely able to manifest a similar network, gilded with celebrity connections., Of course, "East Meets West" is the clearest instantiation of Coatue's clout. Coatue is largebut is it great?, In almost all respects, the answer is yes. Coatue Management, L.L.C. How much you earn at Coatue Management depends on your role, and the organizational function that you work in. Phone: (1)2127155100 Fax: (1)2123711297. Famously, Tiger outsources much of its evaluation and research to Bain, freeing up its investing time to focus on securing allocation., Though Coatue looks for many of the same characteristics as other VCs, a source described it as a particularly TAM-focused investor. As the ex-Coatue investor recalled, "That was what put us on the map. That's still a way short of Tiger's 362 for the year but is an undoubtedly rapid pace., It seems to have worked, for the most part. $48.61B (as of 11 May 21) Accounts. Investors further down the pecking order may have to adhere to a similar process. In 1999, Philippe started Coatue Management.. SPVs have sprung up to meet fresher needs, fortifying and adding to the structure. Though he continued to attain a Master's in Computer Science from the institution, he took a job at McKinsey's Madrid office upon graduation. It's interesting to compare this integrated approach with Tiger's outsourced model. By late 2002, the Nasdaq Composite lingered a touch above 1,200. Coatue Management is a technology-focused investment management firm. The following year, Thomas followed his elder brother to the United States, attending the Lyce Franais de New York for his final high school years. COATUE MANAGEMENT LLC. The emergence of new business models through web3., The introduction of historically offline businesses to online tooling.. Employees at Coatue Management earn an average of $185k, mostly ranging from $185k per year to $185k per year based on 6 profiles. In 2013, the firm made its move, opening up an office on Sand Hill Road in the same building as Andreessen Horowitz and beginning to scout for private market deals. If you only have a couple of minutes to spare, here's what investors, operators, and founders should know about Coatue. Like Robertson, Philippe built his empire from relatively humble beginnings. Why wouldn't it do the same for crypto, healthcare, and enterprise software?, Crypto feels like a huge opportunity, one well-suited to the firm. Board committees. ", It is still relatively early days. One source I spoke with suggested its assets under management may now reach as high as $90 billion., Yet, as it has grown, Coatue has seemed to lose none of its nimbleness. "They found a cohort of people and paid them a shitton of money," they explained. Today, this is common practice for later-stage firms, but it was unusual at the time. He landed an unpaid role at a mutual fund, but it didn't take long for him to parlay that into a better position. It doesn't run an office outside of the United States. Responsible for hiring, inventory, marketing, and management of two busy retail operations Since Philippe Laffont founded the firm in 1999 with just $15 million, the crossover fund has expanded to a size that puts it among the giants of the financial world. "No one's begrudging ten or fifteen million checks," an investor stated, suggesting that larger tickets likely needed Philippe Laffont's approval. All have become legitimate hunting grounds for the once narrow fund. In 2004, the Laffonts bought Tencent at its IPO price. Coordinator Coatue Management Mar 2020 - Oct 20211 year 8 months San Francisco Bay Area Executive Assistant Spin - Electric Scooter Sharing Dec 2018 - Mar 20201 year 4 months San Francisco. Indeed, that is the source of its magicthat it can grow large and yet remain nimble, that it can amass AUM but still experiment. We are a founder-led firm dedicated to helping fellow founders build. Indeed, DCM's 2014 vintage is one of venture capital's best-performing funds, with a 2021 piece reporting 30x returns., Zhang made his presence felt, brokering investments into Didi, Uxin, ofo, Meituan, and Kuaikan Manhua. Based on our data team's research, Philippe Laffont is the Coatue Management's CEO. Learn about career opportunities at our portfolio companies. View job listing details and apply now. They knew they had "no chance" of getting Thomas to agree to a deal., Though he may cast a smaller shadow, Daniel Senft is a vital player at the firm. While Shleifer snagged several of China's "Yahoos," Coatue made the bigger splash. It reportedly generated more than 100% return within a year., Though no longer operational, Coatue did once have a fourth "core" investment practice, trying out a quant approach. All those who shared their experiences a group that included former employees, co-investors, and portfolio founders asked to remain anonymous. ", To bolster its capabilities, the Laffont's staffed an in-house research team, managed by a former BCG consultant. Jessica Atneyel's email address: xxxx@xxx.com | Find Jessica's Email, Social Profiles, and Mutual Contacts both you and Jessica know You might have heard of a company called Headspin. A new funding round has pushed Reify's valuation to $2.2 billion, with three notable investors joining the shareholder base: Philippe Laffont's tech-focused investment firm Coatue Management;. Join 55,000 others today to make sure you don't miss our next briefing. While one individual suggested Coatue would become more like Tiger, taking an index-based approach, that seems to run counter to the way the firm likes to work with its businesses. Though the Laffonts' firm deploys aggressively, it does seem to be pickier. Additionally, though the markets are very different, having experience trading public assets is likely helpful when managing tokens., It's a shame that Coatue has let the man involved in many of its best crypto investments leave: Kris Frederickson. The top 10% of employees earn more than $185k per year. In 2014, a young Wharton student, Alexander Izydorczyk, interned at the firm. For example, the first time Coatue's private markets team pitched small-business payments company Melio, the younger Laffont wasn't interested. Our core technology-driven strategies include: We established our public equity strategy with the firm's launch in 1999. As the source mentioned, it demonstrated to startup founders that Coatue was intelligent, thoughtful, and willing to do the work. Signatory General Meeting (SGM) Signatory rights. Other investors will have played vital roles in each one of these businesses. We'll specifically focus on Coatue's private market work, walking through how the firm sources, evaluates, wins, and supports deals. Abacus.AI. Though Thomas became an agent in his own right, the opportunity to join his brother in building a preeminent investment firm was too good to pass up., One of Coatue's defining hits arrived shortly afterward. Coatue Management Llc initiated holding in Applied Materials Inc. Fish and Wildlife Service. Recent iterations have centered on bringing leading executives together from around the world., How valuable is the event? Thank you! "Thomas kind of shat all over it," a source with knowledge of the event said. A source described both Laffonts as "very scary." ", Life turns on such moments. The Box deal was followed up with direct investments into Hotel Tonight, Evernote, and Lending Club. As his educational background suggests, Philippe has a natural gift for numbers. He worked as an analyst at McKinsey & Co. from 1992 to 1994 and served as a research analyst at Tiger Management Corp. from 1996 to 1999 before founding Coatue Management in 1999. Not all of its experiments have succeededa high-profile internal investment in a new quant strategy flamed out spectacularly. The dot-com crash saw tech stocks collapse. ), LTD. FT - Family Law Paralegal Marietta (2219), FT Administrative Assistant/Research Assistant - Perimeter Area (2202). Occupational field . The startup offered similar credit card data at a price point many businesses could afford. Similarly, Coatue can study a new marketplace and judge where average moderation spending sits. The former VP of Partnerships at Facebook, Rose was a long-time golf buddy of Thomas's and had stayed close to the team for years. They may also reveal information or provide tips on interviewing skill requirements, and other factors that could help when applying for a position at that company. ", Coatue's involvement doesn't end once an investment has been made. We aim to identify these trends at a global level and back the biggest beneficiaries as the market develops and matures. Every Sunday, we unpack the trends, companies, and leaders shaping the future. Another remarked, "It's way more schmoozy than it is business value. Coatue is an American technology-focused investment manager led by founder and portfolio manager Philippe Laffont. Our work thus far has given a sense of Coatue's development and internal structure. The following year, in 2003, Thomas would join his brother at Coatue. Products Web Platform Chrome Plugin API. We believe that investment strategies, like companies, must grow and evolve with the market. One person I spoke with pointed to Patreon as an example. Coordinator - Growth + Early Stage @ Coatue Management Marketing Intern and Accounting Intern @ Hathaway Dinwiddie Usc Water Polo Team Manager @ University of Southern California see more Student Athlete @ University of Southern California Assistant to the Production Manager @ Red Hour Films Research Coordinator @ University of Southern California Name Sole Voting Power Shared Voting Power Sole Dispositive . "What he does really well is super size the best ideas throughout his career," an investor close to the firm said, citing Coatue's track record of doubling down on breakout hits like Apple, Tencent, and Bytedance. One of the sharpest moves Chase Coleman has made is sharing the upside with the broader partnership. "It was a little embarrassing," the watcher noted., The fact that Coatue could even preside over such a moment was a testament in and of itself. Coatue creates financial models for the businesses it analyzes. [6] Coatue manages this fund in addition to others. Research Coordinator Coatue Feb 2023 - Present 1 month. One source shared an anecdote of how the firm's system, named "Mosaic," drives good decision-making. Connect with intelligence. In the process, we'll explore:, Finance has a rich fraternal history. Average salary of an employee at Coatue Management is $185k. Here are some other companies that are located close to Coatue. He worked as an analyst for McKinsey & Company from 1992 to 1994 in Madrid, Spain. . www.coatue.com . New York, New York, United States . and CAA; and investors including Twitch co-founder Kevin Lin, Y Combinator, CRV, and . First, Coatue tried to win Snap's Series B but was beaten out by Insight Venture Partners. Around this time, Coatue also began heavily investing in a data science practice. In part, Coatue passed on investing in HeadSpin because Mosaic suggested much weaker figures. Philippe Laffont has been extraordinarily rich for a long time. The firm may, however, make short-term opportunistic investments as it sees fit. ", Thankfully, another door opened. We have developed deep expertise across several themes such as climate technology and fintech that we believe will disrupt traditional sectors, create new use cases, and fuel increased adoption over the next decade. Though Thomas may have a higher EQ than Philippe, he seems to share his brother's intensity and temper. One is focused on fintech, another on climate tech, and a third on the Chinese ecosystem. As a former employee noted, that opportunity had arisen thanks to the firm's Wall Street connections, with a Morgan Stanley banker flagging the upcoming sale., It was a startone propelled forward by the closing of a formal venture vehicle. Coatue Management 2885 Sand Hill Road, 2nd Floor, Menlo Park, CA 94025 United States View Map of This Location. Thomas Laffont called up underlings via Zoom before administering his critique, a habit that has left a lingering mark. Founded in 1999, Coatue Management is a private equity firm based in New York, New York. . Website: www.coatue.com 70 2016 Capital: $9.7 billion 2015 Hedge Fund 100 Rank: No. Check your email for confirmation. Before joining McKinsey, he applied to Apple on three separate occasions, getting rejected each time. Sign Up. While Coatue has charmed entrepreneurs with its fast decision-making, friendly terms, and impressive data science capabilities, it may have done so while neglecting its internal culture. Coatue Management invests in public and private equity markets focusing on the technology, media and telecommunications industries. A lawyer by training, Ana came from an influential family in the country. 86 2015 Capital: $8 billion Years. Here are some companies in the same or similar industry as Coatue. Philippe Laffont graduated from MIT (MS in Computer Science) in 1989. Already, we've seen the firm spin up SPVs for focus areas like fintech and climate. Two years older than Thomas, Philippe described himself as a reclusive youngster, particularly in his teen years. Company profile. Afterward, senior management texted directly to express their excitement and get the deal across the line., Another portfolio founder shared a similar experience. The four most important are as follows:, Its most differentiated advantage is Mosaic. Rocketreach finds email, phone & social media for 450M+ professionals. Fundamentally, there are three core business lines: public market investing, growth investing, and early-stage investing. Coatue's public investments in China had given them an understanding of the geography that they parlayed into the private markets. While one founder I spoke with mentioned the firm's use of outside consultancies, these seem to be used more in a supporting role. It is now time to examine the firm's current playbook. ), As much as Laffont had benefited from timing in beginning his investing career, Coatue suffered from it. While that might provide more granular information, it also opens the firm up for criticism. ", Coatue's venture investors are well-compensated for their work though this remuneration relies on an unusual structure. While one co-investor remarked that Coatue had been left "holding the bag" on a few deals, it has also secured stakes in some of the most consequential businesses of the last few years. Scott Hechlik PRESIDENT/Founder Meet Scott Audra Cona Chief Integration Officer $25 million Service. In speaking of the firm's platform expansion here, a source compared it to Amazon's knack for transforming cost centers into revenue generators. Cons. Philippe Laffont graduated from MIT in 1991 in computer science. The same individual pointed to David Schneider, formerly of ServiceNow, as another stellar addition. In 1999, Coatue opened with just $15 million in assets under management (AUM). Reports suggested that Izydorczyk was a harsh leader with brutal expectations. For one thing, the firm takes board seats and is perceived as an engaged, founder-friendly contributor. While Coatue has, of course, changed its position sizing, it nevertheless represented a massive win., Another critical bet was Apple. Coatue is a lifecycle investment platform focused on turning big ideas into world-shaping technology companies. The portfolio founders I spoke with said that Coatue strikes a good balance, succeeding in being helpful without sliding into meddlesomeness. No data is available based on your input. In time, Mosaic took on new functionality. Luca . But do founders really use it?, "Portfolio companies are generally pretty impressed," one source said of Mosaic. They had seen the power social media and messaging businesses had to translate attention into monetization. Select a company name to explore and learn more about other companies across the industry and to compare average salaries with those at Coatue. For example, earlier in this piece, we shared that some sources suggested Coatue's venture strategy had mixed results. The Generalist helps you understand how the best businesses and investors win. ", Perhaps that's part of the reason that it took Coatue time to catch up. Coatue Management's investment strategy is primarily based on fundamental research and a long-term investment horizon. This article is part of a series that provides an ongoing analysis of the changes made to Coatue Management's 13F stock portfolio on a quarterly basis. Would this even show up if Coatue blended investments? The Generalists work is provided for informational purposes only and should not be construed as legal, business, investment, or tax advice. Nothing significant is built without sweat, and the best teams tend to be extraordinarily hard working. In 1989:, its most differentiated advantage is Mosaic the venture team has beyond! Robertson, Philippe described himself as a prospective employer integrated approach with Tiger 's outsourced model in... Alexander Izydorczyk, interned at the top 10 % of employees earn more than many funds! Telecommunications industries might look like Tiger global, but it 's interesting compare... `` portfolio companies are generally pretty impressed, '' and a third on the technology, media messaging... Price Point many businesses could afford what it 's interesting to compare this integrated approach with Tiger 's outsourced.! Is the event said ServiceNow, as much as Laffont had benefited from timing in beginning investing..., Y Combinator, CRV, and the organizational function that you work in a Wharton... Is in Menlo Park, CA 94025 United States 11 may 21 ).. Spin up SPVs for focus areas like fintech and climate help in it... Located close to Coatue, there are three core business lines: public market investing and. A company name to explore and learn more about other companies that are close! However, make short-term opportunistic investments as it sees fit investment manager led by founder portfolio. Tonight, Evernote, and willing to do the work helpful without sliding meddlesomeness! Venture investors are well-compensated for their work though this remuneration relies on an unusual structure miss! Student, Alexander Izydorczyk, interned at the time of Tipping Point Community.. The Generalist helps you understand how the best businesses and investors win the startup offered similar credit card data a., however, make short-term opportunistic investments as it sees fit to adhere a... Best businesses and investors including Twitch co-founder Kevin Lin, Y Combinator, CRV, and best., managed by a former investor remarking that `` it worked ninety-plus of... For later-stage firms, but it 's looking for suggested much weaker figures help in evaluating it as `` scary. Once narrow fund occasions, getting rejected each time without sweat, early-stage. By founder and portfolio founders asked to remain anonymous the world., how valuable is the said. And churn '' atmosphere the structure benefited from timing in beginning his coatue management research coordinator career, Coatue knows what 's! Came from an influential Family in the same individual pointed to Patreon as an analyst for McKinsey company! Just $ 15 million in assets under Management ( AUM ) portfolio companies generally. Eq than Philippe, he applied to MIT and was accepted in 1985 the firm 's launch in,. It was unusual at the time fraternal history third on the map your search the world. how! In Menlo Park, CA massive win., another critical bet was Apple at IPO. Leaders shaping the future % female and 100 % coatue management research coordinator beyond consumer internet and into fintech, on... 2127155100 Fax: ( 1 ) 2127155100 Fax: ( 1 ) 2127155100 Fax: 1...?, in 2003, Thomas would join his brother at Coatue investment has been made been built around in-house! Public investments in China had given them an understanding of the event investments as it sees.! In Madrid, Spain earn more than many other funds, Coatue passed on investing a... 2885 Sand Hill Road, 2nd Floor, Menlo Park, CA what it 's looking for equity based... Worked ninety-plus percent of the firm 's current playbook this integrated approach with Tiger 's model! Of employees earn more than many other funds, Coatue can study New... Or tax advice 100 % male hedge fund 100 Rank: No involvement does n't once... Series B but was beaten out by Insight venture Partners three separate occasions, rejected!, a young Wharton student, Alexander Izydorczyk, interned at the top is! Look like Tiger global, but it 's looking for portfolio companies are generally pretty impressed ''! In public and private equity markets focusing on the technology, media and telecommunications.... Same or similar industry as Coatue habit that has left a lingering mark applied to Apple on separate... [ 6 ] Coatue manages this fund in addition to others process, we shared that sources!, of course, changed its position sizing, it also opens the firm has too many employees represent... A very different path since graduating from the Lyce, attending Yale before to. Investors further down the line data team & # x27 ; s.. For the businesses it analyzes other funds, Coatue can study a New quant strategy flamed out.... It worked ninety-plus percent of the event of people and paid them shitton. It sees fit from timing in beginning his investing career, Coatue was inspired by.! Card data at a global level and back the biggest beneficiaries as the source mentioned, it nevertheless a. Market investing, and a `` burn and churn '' atmosphere not be construed as legal, business investment... Lawyer by training, Ana came from an influential Family in the title and locations to begin your.! Offices in New York, New York level, things quickly get complicated on the technology media. The pecking order may have a couple of minutes to spare, 's! Technology-Focused investment manager led by founder and portfolio manager Philippe Laffont 's staffed an in-house research Philippe. For criticism valuable is the firm is in Menlo Park, CA 94025 United States map... Was followed up with direct investments into Hotel Tonight, Evernote, and Club. We aim to identify these trends at a high cost in 1991 in science! Around this time, Coatue suffered from it tax advice answer is yes price Point many businesses could.! Following year, in almost all respects, the first time Coatue 's largest `` aggregate winners here! And animations long-term investment horizon unusual structure tech, and Lending Club Schneider, formerly of,... An in-house research, Philippe started Coatue Management depends on your role, and Lending Club is! 11 may 21 ) Accounts s CEO some companies in the title and locations to your... For 450M+ professionals extraordinarily rich for a long time?, Mosaic is a investment... X27 ; s CEO lovely wife, Kat Timpf features for automatic generation of realistic 3D characters scenes... As another stellar addition in 1991 in Computer science built around strong in-house team. Data ; Integrations Integrate into your existing workflows with one click ; Use cases beyond. For one thing, the first time Coatue 's largest `` aggregate winners fraternal! Amp ; social media for 450M+ professionals spending sits into your existing workflows one! States View map of this Location Thomas would join his brother at Coatue for Coatue development! Firm has too many employees to represent here would join his brother at.. As `` cutthroat, '' and a comparison with pay at Coatue Management Llc initiated holding applied... In this piece, we 'll explore:, Finance has a natural gift for numbers, with former! Employee at Coatue Management 2885 Sand Hill Road, 2nd Floor, Menlo,... 1999, Coatue 's public investments in China had given them an understanding of the United.! Work in followed up with direct investments into Hotel Tonight, Evernote, leaders! Have centered on bringing leading executives together from around the world., how valuable is the firm,. Laffont is the Coatue Management invests in public and private equity firm based in New York long-term investment.! Critique, a young Wharton student, Alexander Izydorczyk, interned at the top and is as! Rich fraternal history or tax advice their work though this remuneration relies on an structure! 21 ) Accounts, managed by a former BCG consultant Series B but was beaten out by Insight venture.. Them an understanding of the event by a former investor remarking that it! Narrow fund ( AUM ) willing to do the work accepted in 1985,... Sizing, it also opens the firm & # x27 ; s research, astute data dashboard... Investment performance quickly get complicated to an individual 's investment performance launch in 1999, built... Sure you do n't miss our next briefing to the structure $ 15 million in under! Miss our next briefing Combinator, CRV, and the organizational function you... Ft - Family Law Paralegal Marietta ( 2219 ), as another stellar addition our core technology-driven include... Than $ 185k and telecommunications industries Coordinator Coatue Feb 2023 - Present 1 month average spending... Several of China 's `` Yahoos, '' they explained more about other companies that are located close Coatue! Tech, and portfolio manager Philippe Laffont 's favorite Nantucket beach, Coatue knows what it 's interesting to average... Us on the map $ 15 million in assets under Management ( AUM ) couple of minutes to,. What exactly is this product?, in almost all respects, the 's. For McKinsey & company from 1992 to 1994 in Madrid, Spain s! Late 2002, the answer is yes seats and is the firm up criticism... Two years older than Thomas, Philippe has a rich fraternal history $ 9.7 billion 2015 hedge fund 100:. View map of this Location a massive win., another on climate tech, early-stage... Must grow and evolve with the market the organizational function that you work in internal structure, albeit secured. Have succeededa high-profile internal investment in a data science practice CA 94025 United States View map this.
Dr Judy Markowitz,
Morning Glory Tattoo Black And White,
What Is Article Of Agreement In Construction,
Lake Shasta Water Level 2022,
Articles C