lies in a seismic gap between rupture zones of Kangra (1905) and Bihar-Nepal (1934) earthquakes. Majority of seismic events in the Kumaun-Garhwal Himalayas region is located close to the MCT or north and south of it. Its rupture length was estimated to be 1,200 miles. Fig-2 (Map of Kathmandu Valley showing intensity of damage occured in 1934 Earthquake. the Executive Director of the APEC Collaboration for Earthquake Simulations. Over 70% of the building collapsed in Kathmandu. Tilting and slumping of the houses were entirely absent. Damage to a man-made structure. News from the most affected region arrived only two or three days later. Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 70, 757773. 5. A brief report has also been written by Mr. N. Nasu (Bull. Feldl N and Bilham R 2006 Great Himalayan Earthquakes and the Tibetan Plateau; Nature 444 165-170, doi:10.1038/nature05199. News from the most affected region arrived only two or three days later. 74(3) 213-229. Even in Biratnagar, ground fissured out with springs of water for few minuites. 117, S2, 773-782. Seismol. The influence of regional earthquakes on the time series can be seen, producing the sharp drops in probability. The clock in the tower of the Secretariat stopped at 2.16 p.m. The impact was reported to be felt in Lhasa to Mumbai, and from Assam to Punjab. The case studies give information on the structural aspect and causes of failure. Cur Sci, 83, 10191025. The flood problems of North Bihar not only justify but have made the Waterways Division extremely important to regulate and conduct the flood policy of the Government of Bihar. A brick arch bridge between the civil lines and the old town was also fractured. According to a report on the Bihar Earthquake and measures taken in consequence thereof up to 31 December, 1934, brought out by the then provincial Bihar government in 1935, public and residential building were practically razed in Munger, Darbhanga and Muzaffarpur districts. The epicenter was in the vicinity of the large Bihar-Nepal earthquakes of 1833 (magnitude 7.0-7.5) and 1934 (magnitude 8.4). Geol. On Monday the 15th January 1934 Calcutta experienced an earthquake shock of fair intensity which lasted for over three minutes. Chen W-P and Molnar P 1977 Seismic moments of major earthquakes and the average rate of slip in Central Asia; Geophys. Earthq. Ambraseys, N., & Douglas, J. J. Sir E. Pascoe's lecture on Indian earthquakes and their causes is published by the Royal Society of Arts (Journal, 82, 577-594; 1934), and papers on the North Bihar earthquake by Dr. M. S . L. Fermor. The total casualties was about 10,000 people in the area and many thousands were injured by the falling debris. Surv. A brick arch bridge between the civil lines and the old town was also fractured. 1934-01-15 08:43:25 UTC at 08:43 January 15, 1934 UTC Location: Epicenter at 26.885, 86.589 19.2 km from Lahn (12.2 miles) Nepal India Border . Journal of Seismology, 20, 733745. Due to convergence of Indian and Tibetan plates seismicity in Himalaya region has been higher always. Sci. The great Earthquake of 1934 led to drastic changes in the Building Codes and specifications. The 1934 Bihar earthquake created knee-deep mud on the agricultural field. (1939) and by Major General Brahma ; epicenter of the earthquake was supposed to lie within the plains of Northern India : Bihar. R, Brahmaamera Jagabahdra, and Kesar Lall. You can also search for this author in (1981). Everest. Ambraseys N 2000 Reappraisal of north-Indian earthquakes at the turn of the 20th Century; Curr. Soc. Bhaktapur also saw massive destruction but less than these five villages. The distribution of intensity of the Bihar-Nepal earthquake of 15 January 1934 and bounds on the extent of the rupture zone. Lett. Almost half of the bridges in the valley would be impassible, and 10 percent of all paved roads would have moderate damage, such as deep cracks or subsidence. First published on Sat 25 Apr 2015 16.53 EDT. In Patna, many buildings in the bazaar were destroyed and damage was particularly severe along the river. Damages & Casualties were reported to be higher in Nepal than in India. Ambraseys N and Douglas J 2004 Magnitude calibration of north Indian earthquakes; Geophys. Kumar, S., Wesnousky, S. G., Rockwell, T. K., Ragona, D., Thakur, V. C., & Seitz, G. G. (2001). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4748-2_11, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4748-2_11, eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0). Nature (London), 582583. The High Court and the Government House were damaged severely. A catalog of felt intensity data for 589 earthquakes in India, 16362008. The reported earthquake location falls to the south of the Main Boundary . alluvial plain of Bihar (India) and Nepal, and the hilly regions of eastern Himalayan ranges. efficacy test has been carried out by considering macroseismic intensity map of 1833 and 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake (shown in Fig. The damage caused by the Bihar earthquake of 15 January, 1934, measuring 8.4 on Richter scale, include 10,700 human deaths, landslides and slumping in an area of 250 km length and 60 km width, ruptures and faults in the ground surface etc. When constructed c.200 BC, the Kesariya Stupa, at a probable height of 50 m, may have been the highest stupa in the world. 110 1010-1027. Using Chen and Molnar's (1977) relocated epicenter and the region of maximum shaking intensity and subsidence as proxy measures of the centroid of the 1934 earthquake we conclude that the rupture propagated from east to west. Bulletin of the Earthquake Research Institute (tokyo Imperial University), 13(2), 426. This quake took place in January, but the intensity was very high, with a magnitude. The study reported that the recovery was faster . Pandey, M. R., & Molnar, P. (1988). Seismicity in the Himalayas is the direct consequence of an ongoing process of faulting and thrusting. Topographic map of india depicts the epicentral locations of three large earthquakes; 1803 Uttaranchal earthquake (Mw 7.5); 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake (Mw 8.1) and 2001 Bhuj earthquake (Mw 7.7), marked as filled stars and the locations of the affected areas considered for the study (marked as rectangles).Most of the study areas are located on the river banks as well as on the alluvial . Res. Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter what matters in science, free to your inbox daily. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. India Geol. Baffin Bay Earthquake Canada November 20, 1933, The COVID Variant You Might STILL Get in Some States, 4 Viral Threats Worse Than the New Coronavirus, COVID Aftermath: 2 DEVASTATING Side Effects of the Vaccine, 10 Foods That Can Have a Devastating Effect on You, 10 Contagious Diseases Worse Than COVID-19, 6 Deadly Bioweapons the US Has Faced in the Past, 11 Devastatingly Easy Ways To Lose Weight, 8 Common Things Devastated By Coronavirus. Bilham, R. (1995). There was a serious earthquake in Bihar in 1934, the devastating effects of which GTG captured by photograph in great detail. Kumar, S., Wesnousky, S. G., Jayangondaperumal, R., Nakata, T., Kumahara, Y., & Singh, V. (2010). [4] The areas where the most damage to life and property occurred extended from Purnea in the east to Champaran in the west (a distance of nearly 320km or 200mi), and from Kathmandu in the north to Munger in the south (a distance of nearly 465km or 289mi). 1934 Bihar Earthquake (click photos to enlarge): The last entry in GTG's service record states "Resigned commission in A.I.R.O. Landslides and rock falls were triggered, destroying more than 4,600 dwellings and many temples, but apparently resulted in fewer than five hundred fatalities. The ground around these sand fissures subsided, causing more damage. Fault rupture within the Himalaya belt was presumed; which was further substantiated by the relocated epicenter within the zone of highest intensit by Chen & Molnar; agreed with this view. Minor quake strikes Bihar, no damage reported. Am. The shock of the Great Earthquake of Bihar from the preceding rumbling sound lasted for about 3 to 5 minutes and in that brief period about 10,000 persons were killed and extensive damages to buildings, roads, bridges, railway tracks and cultivation fields were caused. Seeber L and Armbruster J G 1981 Great detachment earthquakes along the Himalayan arc and long-term forecasting; In: Earthquake Prediction - an International Review (eds) Simpson D W and Richards P G, Maurice Ewing Series, Am. Ratna Pustak Bhandar, Kathmandu, Nepal (136 p). Examines details of Gorkha earthquake, including geo-seismicity, damage statistics, casualties, effect on cultural heritage, gender-risk mechanics, case studies of social institutions,. PNAS, 117, 1761517621. [9][10], Mahatma Gandhi visited the Bihar state. Sun 26 Apr 2015 04.56 EDT. To obtain Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in Wesnousky, S. G., Kumahara, Y., Nakata, T., Chamlagain, D., & Neupane, P. (2018). Auden) from the Geological Survey of India visited Kathmandu, which had been severely shaken. In contrast to Indian region, damage in Nepal was clearly due to ground shaking; and as per the reports, it was comparable or even higher than in northern India. ISSN 1476-4687 (online) Roads and lands were fissured out at many places with emergence of water & sands too. Journal of Earth System Science. In Purnea the cast iron piles of a bridge between the civil lines and the railway station were broken. The mechanism was a shallow thrust its rupture location is not well constrained. The Indian Department of Mines and Geology is collaborating with many scientists from all over the world to understand the causes and effects of these devastating earthquakes, and to help mitigate the ensuing destruction. The area west of Kathmandu has not ruptured in the last three hundred years and stands out as a potential site for future great Himalayan earthquakes. The High Court and the Government House were damaged severely. Some river beds had moved away from their direction and Captain L. E. Whitehead, Pilot Superintendent of I. G. Navigation Company stated that the water was 2 feet 6 inches deeper over 5 shoals between Colgong and Goalunda. Pilots flyng over the meizoseismal area reported great changes in topography; this was largely due to enormous slides, some of which were photographed. Seismic moments of major earthquakes and the average rate of slip in central Asia. The 1934 Nepal-Bihar Earthquake. The Covid-19 pandemic has, We should all know that the proper preparation of food, Since COVID-19 entered our lives, we found ourselves looking for, Infectious diseases are definitely one of the most frightening weapons, At the beginning of the global coronavirus pandemic, our nations, As the latest wave of the coronavirus pandemic sweeps across, Many Americans will remember Donald Trumps presidency as a four-year-long, FBI records show a 30% spike in murder rates, the, Nations tend to focus on their military defeats as long, What were the most impactful moments in history? Am. 2015 Nepal Earthquake Ahsan Jadoon Department of E&ES Bahria University 2. It was a little consolation to the suffering humanity to be told that the border of the Gangetic Alluvium and of the Himalayas is within the seismic region and that earthquakes cannot be taken to be abnormal along this belt. Geophysical Research Letters. Surv., 68, 177-239; 1935). Molnar, P., & Deng, Q. The earthquake took place on January 15 around two o'clock in the afternoon and cause widespread damage. . Geophysical Journal International, 159, 165206. Bilham R, Blume F, Bendick R and Gaur V K 1998 Geodetic constraints on the Translation and Deformation of India: implications for future great Himalayan earthquakes; Curr. (Before Earthquake) &&&&&&&& &&& &&(During Earthquake), Fig-1 (Images of the then Dharahara, a nine-storeyed tower at Sundhara, Kathmandu; Before, During and After 1934 Earthquake. A SYMPOSIUM on the origin of the North Bihar Earthquake of January 15th, 1931, was held at a joint meeting of the Mathematics, Physics and Geology Sections of the Indi in Scieace Congress, 1935, under the Chairmanship of Dr. Ii. Minimum rupture length had been estimated as 100 Km. It is said that the epicentral region is close to this area and the North Bihar is a region of great under-load arising from very density in the crust and because of the low density of the alluvium of the Ganges Valley. In our field survey, 46 % of buildings were totally collapsed and 16 % were partially collapsed. It was the worst that ever occurred in that country. Currently, the probability of a M>6 earthquake within the circular region can be read from the table as about 9.2% over the next year from now, June 13, 2013. Large himalayan frontal thrust paleoearthquake at Khayarmara in Eastern Nepal. Springer, Singapore. The Kesariya Stupa in the town of Bihar was reduced 6 m in height to 35 m by the 1934 earthquake. Publ. These seven martyrs wrote history of freedom with their blood in Patna. Along the Terai belt, destruction was observed from the eastern border of Nepal There is some dispute as to the epicenter of the event, with one report placing it about 10 km south of Mt. Observers have noticed that there were two stages in the Earthquake with a lull for a few seconds and that the damage was more caused in the second stage. Recovered bench-marks measured along the 550-km-long leveling line between 84 deg E and 88 deg E subside by as much as 1.1m near points that have subsided by less than 0.2m, and hence the data are considered more a measure of sediment slumping and liquefaction than a measure of earthquake-related footwall subsidence (Bilham et al 1998). Gutenberg B and Richter C F 1954 Seismicity of the Earth and Associated Phenomena; Princeton University Press, Princeton, 310pp. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10950-016-9554-z. Nepal is situated within this seismically active Himalayan mountain belt. The intensity of ground shaking depends on the duration, local geology, and distance. The chowk hat of Monghyr town had a most gruesome spectacle and scarcely a building or wall was left standing. The buildings of Darbhanga Raj, including the famous Navlakha Palace, were severely damaged. Most of the damage was due to slumping, fissuring and tilting of the ground.The absence of any preferred orientation of the fissures and the prevalence of the sand and water issued from the fissures suggest that the destruction of the earth surface was limited to surfacial layers only not to faulting of the basement beneath that area. , - . Bomford G 1937 Leveling in Bengal and Bihar 93-97. 34 L08304, doi:10.1029/2006GL029192. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 100(2), 562569. It was the worst that ever occurred in that country. The earthquake was so severe that in Kolkata, around 650km (404mi) from epicenter, many buildings were damaged and the tower of St. Paul's Cathedral collapsed. 85 1-14. Uttarkashi Earthquake, 1991. . This damage was barely noted in the first British expedition to approach Everest from the south a year after the earthquake. A glaring example of distortion was seen in the screw pile bridge at Champanagar where the central piles moved south, downstream, as much as 7 feet 8 inches but remained more or less vertical. Dunn, J. Everest. Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, 119(9), 71237163. Active faulting south of the himalayan front: Establishing a new plate boundary. Journal of Geophysical Research, 82, 29452969. Geological observations on large earthquakes along the himalayan frontal fault near Kathmandu. The maximum Mercalli Intensity was estimated about XI, on a scale of I to XII. Today, over 60% of the country lies in the three higher seismic zones (III, IV and V of Indian Seismic Code (e.g. An appraisal of damage by Pandey and Molnar (1988) based on a translation of a contemporary damage published in Nepali by Major Brahma Sumsher J. The source characteristics of Gorkha earthquake show that the maximum slip of 5 to 6 m was concentrated at a depth of 8 to 15 km, 70 km southeast of the epicenter [ [8] , [9 . In Balaju and Sankhamul area of Kathmandu, roads even subsided by 2-3 feet. The towns to the south of the river Ganges like Patna, Bhagalpur, and Gaya escaped with lighter damages. Jorganesh Press. (5.2 MB PDF) Downloads. Bollinger L, Perrier F, Avouac J P, Sapkota S, Gautam U and Tiwari D R 2007 Seasonal modulation of seismicity in the Himalaya of Nepal; Geophys. Will The Chinese Spy Balloon Start a War With China? Thus much of the damage in northern India was not due to high ground acceleration there but rather due to surface disruption of the earths surfacial layers. Geophys. India 31, 104 pp.79. But less than these five villages large Himalayan frontal fault near Kathmandu iron piles of a bridge the! Higher always in ( 1981 ) a serious earthquake in Bihar in 1934, the devastating effects of which captured! 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